Serving the Public and the Animals Essay -- Zoology Zoos Wildlife Essa

Serving the Public and the Animals From childhood, most of us have fond memories of going to the zoo. We were entertained by the variety of animals that we were not equal to(p) to see on a regular basis. Visitors of a zoo get to see exotic, and local animals of that area. Going to a zoo gives children and adults a chance to mark about different animals. Certain zoos alike promote the conservation of endangered species. To people of all ages, zoos are just plain fun. This essay will apply the operation of zoos based on their entertainment and educational value, and their ability to save some species from extinction.Most zoos, depending on the location, house animals from all over the world. Each zoo needs to be in a place where local animals, as well as exotic, can survive and live comfortably. Thats one of the main reasons why people go to zoos. Visitors are able to view unique animals through glass, and see how they might act in the wild. The Reid Park Zoo in Tuc son, genus Arizona, features primates, big cats, birds, and reptiles. It also features large mammals like hippos, giraffes, and bears. They have recently built a new part of the zoo that houses panthers, sloths, and exotic birds. The Wildlife Zoo in Phoenix, Arizona takes care of hundreds of wild animals, with even more variety than the Reid Park Zoo. These zoos have special activities for children and adults that involve awareness and education of every species. There are also zoo employees who walk around with small animals and snakes that can be petted and held by zoo visitors. Zoos are a popular place to bring students for a correction trip. Besides the entertainment value, children can learn about the different animals of the world and see how ea... ...d their viewing audience. There are so many benefits from having zoos. They give many gifts to the viewers and the captive animals. They aid in conservation, education, and entertainment. Without zoos, humans woul d not know enough about animals to treat their diseases, or to help wild animals with injuries. Many people would go without knowledge of the worlds different animal species. Several species would have seen extinction already. Zoos are a highly valuable commodity that should not be terminated. Works Cited Bostock, Stephen, Zoos and Animal Rights The ethics of keeping animals, 1993 Conservation in Zoos, www.wag.co.za/root_news, Accessed 3/24/03 Markowitz, Hal, Behavioral Enrichment in the Zoo, 1982 Programs, http//desertmuseum.org, Accessed 3/24/03 Zoos Pitiful Prisons, http//www.peta.org/mc/facts, Accessed 3/29/03

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Essay

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress DisorderPosttraumatic stress disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder) is classified as an solicitude disorder that can develop after an individual has observed and/or experienced an extreme traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury to ones self or another (APA, 2000). An extreme traumatic event can include, but is not limited to, military combat, terrorist attacks, natural or manmade disasters, sexual assault, physical assault, robbery, and torture (APA, 2000). The type of traumatic event could influence the way in which medical exam and mental health care professionals assess, conceptualize, and subsequently cover the individuals with a PTSD diagnosis. For this reason, sexual assault, as the traumatic event that led to the development of a PTSD diagnosis, will be the focus of discussion. The current statistics on sexual assault exemplify the need to focus on this particular population. For example every ii minutes, someone in the United States is sexually assaulted, and each year there are about 213, 000 survivors of sexual assault (RAINN, 2009). The purpose of this paper, then, is to explore how cognitive-behavioral therapies assess, conceptualize, and treat clients with a sexual assault history and a PTSD diagnosis. Treatment Components of Cognitive-Behavioral TherapyThe treatment components of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that are typically utilized in the treatment for PTSD include psychoeducation, lengthen exposure and/or in vivo exposure, cognitive restructuring, and anxiety management (Harvey, Bryant, & Tarrier, 2003). PsychoeducationPsychoeducation includes providing the client with information about the common symptomology that may be experien... ... conceptualize, and treat clients with a sexual assault history and a PTSD diagnosis. The sexual traumatic event, experienced by the client, may elicit negative PTSD-related cognitions that are perpetua ted by avoidant behavior. Prolonged exposure, in vivo exposure, and cognitive restructuring can challenge and correct such negative cognitions and avoidant behaviors. Psychoeducation can provide information, as well as a rationale about therapy, whereas anxiety management training can provide coping skills to engage in exposure and cognitive restructuring interventions. In general, cognitive-behavioral therapies can provide the means by which to assess, conceptualize, and treat clients, and has also shown to be efficacious (Dobson, 2010 Dobson & Dobson, 2009 Foa et al., 1999 Foa & Rauch, 2004 Harvey, Bryant, & Tarrier, 2003 McDonagh et al., 2005 Roman, 2010).

A Writers Choice Essay -- Writing Style Styles Essays

A Writers ChoiceThe words we use to communicate our impressions cannot alone constitute a vocabulary sufficient to describe room, however they are part of one (Williams 18-19). This excerpt from Joseph M. Williams Style Toward Clarity and Grace conveys a common theme in his book Style is complex, and it is a discipline of choice. Although writers across the nation may have been taught similar features of style and therefore produce similar products, they may choose to use or disregard those elements of style at will.Writing parallels many other versatile fields - such(prenominal) as art, music, and dance - with the notion that in order to break the rules, one essential first understand them. A creator needs a foundation to build on in create verbally and style, this foundation is a combination of accuracy, consistency, clarity, and concision. the true is arguably a facet of style. With their list of commonly mis utilise words and expressions in Elements of Style, Strunk and Whit e stress the importance of using language correctly and level identify its relationship with style. Many of the words and expressions listed here are not so much bad English as bad style, the commonplaces of careless writing (39). The authors do acknowledge that there is no ultimate authority who deems which words must be used over others, but their matter-of-fact tone and perfunctory jabs at writers who misuse certain words seem to forecast misfortunes for those who do not follow a recommended word usage.Williams is less concerned about such strict guidelines because not all of us will agree on what counts as correct (170). He attributes some rules to folklore, some to special formality, and a mount to personal choice. However, he acknowledges that precision may be ne... ...ingway was a renowned author said to have a distinct style short sentences and paragraphs that used simple vocabulary. He also tended to avoid putting commas in places where many writers and language experts - Strunk and White, for example - would deem them necessary. And he won a Pulitzer Prize.Despite their upstanding rules and guidelines, Strunk and White never impose their own definition of style. Williams doesnt either he depicts it, however, not as one entity but a flexible, evolving collection of writing applications. 1 can conclude, then, that style ultimately comes down to the methods that writers define and use to create their end results.Works CitedStrunk, William, and White, E.B. The Elements of Style. Needham, NY Allyn & Bacon, 2000, 1979.Williams, Joseph M. Style Toward Clarity and Grace. Chicago The University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Economic Conditions of Japan :: Business Economics Globalization

Economic Conditions of JapanJapan is currently in an frugal recession. We can see that the value of the long is falling unemployment is rising, and purchasing of durable goods is down. This unhealthy state of economy has progressively become bleaker over the years. Many study that the start of the slump was due to the sparing bubble in the late 1980s when low place encouraged an inordinately outsize amount of investment. When a country has an elevated investment rate, large amounts of capital stock are purchased. This means that an elevated rate of investment must be maintained in order to accommodate for the high levels of depreciation. In the early 1990s when investment began to slip asset values imploded. As a result, banks were making bad loans. The Nipponese government was non quick to react, and by 1998 many major banks were on the verge of collapse. To try to combat the trend of failing banks, the Bank of Japan Governor, Masaru Hayami, started a zero interest rate form _or_ system of government in 1999. This move built confidence in Japanese banks and the Japanese economy. However, this positive reform did not last. Banks were not using this recovery policy to indite off their bad loans. They also did not get rid of very risky stock market shares. Hayami became ply up with the actions of the banks and raised interest rates in August of 2000. Then when the stock market began falling, those risky shares that the banks owned caused them to lose even more money. So now the country is a set about a major problem what to do about the losses experienced the stock market and from default loans. In the worst-case scenario calculated by Merrill Lynch citation analyst Koyo Ozeki, banks would have to write off more than 70 trillion yen in loan losses. In order to do that, banks would have to lead the plug on thousands of deadbeat borrowers. This would be devastating to the unemployment rate. Japans unemployment rate is currently a t 4.9%, which is a postwar high for the country. This is due in part to the number of workers losing their jobs. Another big part of the increase in unemployment is due to the increase in the undertaking force.Economic Conditions of Japan Business Economics GlobalizationEconomic Conditions of JapanJapan is currently in an economic recession. We can see that the value of the yen is falling unemployment is rising, and purchasing of durable goods is down. This unhealthy state of economy has progressively become bleaker over the years. Many believe that the start of the slump was due to the economic bubble in the late 1980s when low rates encouraged an inordinately large amount of investment. When a country has an elevated investment rate, large amounts of capital stock are purchased. This means that an elevated rate of investment must be maintained in order to accommodate for the high levels of depreciation. In the early 1990s when investment began to slip asset values impl oded. As a result, banks were making bad loans. The Japanese government was not quick to react, and by 1998 many major banks were on the verge of collapse. To try to combat the trend of failing banks, the Bank of Japan Governor, Masaru Hayami, started a zero interest rate policy in 1999. This move built confidence in Japanese banks and the Japanese economy. However, this positive reform did not last. Banks were not using this recovery policy to write off their bad loans. They also did not get rid of very risky stock market shares. Hayami became fed up with the actions of the banks and raised interest rates in August of 2000. Then when the stock market began falling, those risky shares that the banks owned caused them to lose even more money. So now the country is a facing a major problem what to do about the losses experienced the stock market and from default loans. In the worst-case scenario calculated by Merrill Lynch credit analyst Koyo Ozeki, banks would have to wr ite off more than 70 trillion yen in loan losses. In order to do that, banks would have to pull the plug on thousands of deadbeat borrowers. This would be devastating to the unemployment rate. Japans unemployment rate is currently at 4.9%, which is a postwar high for the country. This is due in part to the number of workers losing their jobs. Another big part of the increase in unemployment is due to the increase in the labor force.

Mexican Cartel Essays -- Drugs, Weapon, Trafficking

Mexican Cartel Drug WarMexico has a long history of cartels the deaths, drugs and weapon trafficking is in all time naughty increasing year by year. Mexicos gangs have flourished since the late 19th century, mostly in the north due to their proximity to towns along the U.S.-Mexico border. But it was the American inclination for cocaine in the 1970s that gave Mexican drug cartels immense power to manufacture and transport drugs across the border. Early Mexican gangs were primarily situated in border towns where prostitution, drug use, bootlegging and extortion flourished (Wagner). They keep themselves armed and ready with gun supplies shipped from the U.S, taking control of the drug trades. The violence is spilling so taboo of control that they overthrew the Mexican government.The cartels are now in control of most of the drug trades and are successful. The Mexican border gives them the power to go everywhere they desire, making them a stiff force. To date operation Xcellrator has led the arrest of 755 individuals and the seizure of approximately 5 U.S. Currency more than 12,000 kilograms of cocaine, more than 16,000 pounds of marijuana, more than 11,000 of methamphetamine, more than 8 kilograms of heroin, approximately 1.3 trillion pills of ecstasy(Doj 2). Mexican cartels extend to central and southern America. Columbia is the supply of much of the cocaine exported to the U.S. Colombia is under control of South American gangs, they do occupancy with the Mexican cartels to transport drugs the north. The Northern Mexican gangs hold the most control because the territory is very important (Wagner1). They are m either different types of cartel in Mexico it also signifies that there are killing each other so their cartel can expand an... ...g steps in helping out with any evidence we might know to the official authorities and FBIs. In doing all this we secure our borders by stopping gun flow, any types of drugs, kidnappings, murders, and the criminals causing it before it gets to out of control and start doing it on our side of the border. We must employ the full spectrum of our law enforcement agencies resources, expertise, and statutory authorities by continuing to work together, building on what we have done well so far and developing new ideas to refresh our strategies, we can rise to the current challenge. Again, thank you for your recognition of this important hack and the opportunity to testify here today (Odgen6). Together, we can help the U.S and Mexico to work together more often to build a better border and a strong army of men designed for a better future in favor of the both nations.

Mexican Cartel Essays -- Drugs, Weapon, Trafficking

Mexican Cartel Drug WarMexico has a long history of cartels the deaths, medicates and weapon trafficking is in all time high increasing year by year. Mexicos gangs have flourished since the late 19th century, mostly in the north due to their proximity to towns along the U.S.-Mexico border. But it was the American appetite for cocaine in the 1970s that gave Mexican drug cartels immense power to manufacture and bear drugs across the border. Early Mexican gangs were primarily situated in border towns where prostitution, drug use, bootlegging and extortion flourished (Wagner). They keep themselves armed and ready with gun supplies shipped from the U.S, taking control of the drug trades. The violence is spilling so out of control that they overthrew the Mexican government.The cartels are direct in control of most of the drug trades and are successful. The Mexican border gives them the power to go everywhere they desire, making them a relentless force. To date unconscious process Xcel lrator has led the arrest of 755 individuals and the seizure of approximately 5 U.S. Currency more than 12,000 kilograms of cocaine, more than 16,000 pounds of marijuana, more than 11,000 of methamphetamine, more than 8 kilograms of heroin, approximately 1.3 million pills of ecstasy(Doj 2). Mexican cartels extend to central and southern America. Columbia is the supply of much of the cocaine exported to the U.S. Colombia is under control of South American gangs, they do business with the Mexican cartels to transport drugs the north. The Northern Mexican gangs hold the most control because the territory is very important (Wagner1). They are many different types of cartel in Mexico it also signifies that in that respect are killing each other so their cartel can expand an... ...g steps in helping out with any evidence we skill know to the official authorities and FBIs. In doing all this we secure our borders by stopping gun flow, any types of drugs, kidnappings, murders, and the cr iminals causing it before it gets to out of control and opening doing it on our side of the border. We must employ the full spectrum of our law enforcement agencies resources, expertise, and statutory authorities by continuing to work together, building on what we have through well so far and developing new ideas to refresh our strategies, we can rise to the current challenge. Again, thank you for your recognition of this important issue and the opportunity to examine here today (Odgen6). Together, we can help the U.S and Mexico to work together more often to build a better border and a strong army of men designed for a better future in favor of the both nations.

Pakistan and modern concept of rule of law Essay

Aristotle said more than two thousand years ago, The harness of impartiality is punter than that of each individual. The notion of the rule of justness stems from many traditions and continents and is intertwined with the evolution of the history of truth itself. The Code of Hammourabi, promulgated by the King of Babylon around 1760 BC, is star of the first examples of the code of integrity, presented to the overt and applying to the acts of the ruler. In the Arab world, a rich tradition of Islamic impartiality embraced the notion of the supremacy of constabulary. Core teachings of holding government authority to account and placing the wishes of the earthly concern before the rulers, after part be found amid the main moral and philosophical traditions across the Asian continent, including in Confucianism.In the Anglo-American context, the Magna Carta of 1215 was a seminal document, emphasizing the magnificence of the independence of the judiciary and the role of judici al puzzle out as fundamental characteristics of the rule of lawfulness. In continental Europe notions of rule of law focused on the nature of the State, particularly on the role of recordalism. Rule of law is classical principle of administrative law. As a matter of fact this principle was one of the principles that acted as impediment in development of administrative Law principles. The irony further is that the rule of law is now an master(prenominal) part of modern Administrative Law. Whereas the rule of law is still the one of the very important principles regulating in common law countries and common law derived countries modern laws has denied some of the important parts of rule of law as proposed by foxy at the start of 19th Century.DICEYs RULE OF LAWAs mentioned supra the concept of rule of law backs to the time of Aristotle. Aristotle ruled out the concept of rule under dainty by all means and tried to take in his followers that given the choice it is always rule of law that scores over rule of discretion. Though Sir Edward Coke was the originator of this concept, but Dicey substantial this surmisal. Now it is popularly known as Diceys theory of Rule of Law. It is also known as the Traditional concept of rule of law. correspond to Dicey, this doctrine has three meaningsi) Supremacy of Lawii) Equality before lawiii) Predominance of sanctioned spiritSUPREMACY OF LAWRule of law in this sense means the absolute supremacy of regular law as strange to the influence of arbitrary power or wide discretionary power. Dicey says, Wherever there is discretion, there is room for arbitrariness and that in a republic no less than under a monarchy discretionary authority on the part of the Government mustiness mean insecurity for juristic freedom on the part of its subjects.EQUALITY BEFORE LAWDicey states that there must be touch onity before the law or the equal subjection of all classes to the run-of-the-mine law of the land administered by the ordina ry law courts. agree to him, there should not be any extra-ordinary tribunals or special courts for officers of the Government and other authorities.PREDOMINANCE OF LEGAL SPIRITDicey emphasized the role of the courts of law as guarantors of liberty & suggested that the rights would be more secured if they were enforceable in the courts of law than by mere declaration of those rights in a document. Diceys theory of rule of law was never accepted fully even in his days. Many scholars criticized his theory.He was firm proponent of the concept and very influential psyche of his times. Though the first two principles are still in almost every legal system of world, the third principle was protested many of jurists of that time. The Dicey in particular opposed the principle of French system ofDroit Administratiff. England at that time was in fact propounding some quasi legislative and quasi judicial changees which were interpreted cognizance of English thinkers of that time still the w hole common law system of domain was blindfolded with the Diceys philosophy of rule of law. novel CONCEPT OF RULE OF LAWRecent attempts to formalize its meaning have drawn on this rich history of diverse understandings. The modern conception of the rule of law has developed as a concept distinct from the rule of man, involving a system of governance based on non-arbitrary rules as opposed to one based on the power and whim of an absolute ruler. The concept of rule of law is deeply linked to the principle of justice, involving an ideal of accountability and legality in the fosterion and vindication of rights and the prevention and punishment of wrongs. Long before the coupled Nations, States were working towards a rule of justice in international carriage with a view to establishing an international community based on law. SEVEN MODERN PRINCIPLE MEANING OF RULE OF LAWDavis gives seven principal meanings of the marches Rule of Law which is known as Modern concept of Rule of Law. These are as follows i) Maintenance of Law & order.ii) Existence of fixed rulesiii) Elimination of discretion where it is not necessaryiv) Following due process of law or fairnessv) Observance of the principles of natural justicevi) Preference for Judges and ordinary courts of law to executive authorities & administrative tribunalsvii) Judicial review of administrative actions.MODERN RULE OF LAW DEFINED IN INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS.Today, the concept of the rule of law is embedded in theCharter of the United Nations.In its Preamble, one of the aims of the UN is to establish conditions under which justice and view for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained. A primary purpose of the Organization is to maintain international peace and security and to bring about by peaceful means, and in complaisance with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948,the past international recognition that all human beings have fundamental rights and freedoms, recognizes that it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against absolutism and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of lawFOR THE UN, THE SECRETARY-GENERAL DEFINESthe rule of law as a principle of governance in which all psyches, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure love to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision- fashioning, legal certa inty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency. The principle of the rule of law applies at the national and international levels.At the national level, the UN supports a rule of law framework that includes a Constitution or its equivalent, as the highest law of the land a clear and consistent legal framework, and implementation thereof strong institutions of justice, governance, security and human rights that are well structured, financed, happy and equipped transitional justice processesand mechanisms and a public and civil society that contributes to girding the rule of law and holding public officials and institutions accountable. At the international level, the principle of the rule of law embedded in the Charter of the United Nations encompasses elements relevant to the conduct of State to State relations. The Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly dealing and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations recognizes the inherent link between the UN and the international rule of law.Its preamble emphasizesthe paramount importance of the Charter of the United Nations in the promotion of the rule of law among nations.Drawn from existing commitments in international law, the core values and principles of the UN include respect for the Charter and international law respect for the sovereign equality of States and the principle of non-use or threat of use of force the fulfillment in good faith of international obligations the need to resolve disputes by peaceful means respect for and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms recognition that protection from genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing and war crimes is not simply a obligation owed by a State to its population, but a responsibility of the international community, the equal rights and self-determination of peoples and the recognition that peace and security, development, human rights, the r ule of law and body politic are interlinked and mutually reinforcing. Appropriate rules of international law apply to the Organization as they do to States. RULE OF LAW IN DEVELOPING SOCIETY alike PAKISTANIN developing societies, the rule of law is often slaughtered at the altar of discretion and personal whims. However, governance, peace, investment and development are interlinked with the extent of the rule of law in a society.Where the rule of law exists the government and its functionaries are accountable. Due care is exercised to ensure that no single organ of the state becomes omnipotent. Mere command alone is not enough. Public consent strengthens the rule of law. Laws not synchronized with social and cultural values result in low acceptance. Awareness regarding the law not merely empowers but also improves enforcement. In the developing world, the public tends to narrowly interpret the rule of law. In Pakistan, evidenceabounds of how the law is bent or broken, with socie ty suffering as a consequence.Misappropriation of public money, sale of spurious medicines, issuance of fake degrees, non-payment of taxes and loans are but a few examples of revolution in Pakistan. In a democratic society the rule of law reflects the quality of governance. Weak enforcement of the law provides space to criminals and terrorists to further their aims. For example in Karachi, the countrys biggest city, the Supreme Court has taken notice of the existence of no-go areas. The presence of gangs in the Lyari area is another challenge for the Karachi police. Such groups patronize extortion, as well as the proliferation of weapons and drugs. Though we are an energy-starved country, the theft of electricity and gas is considered normal practice. For example, illegal gas connections in Khyber Pakhtunkhwas Karak district have touched(p) alarming levels. The district is said to be a defaulter of Rs210m. Our tax laws provide exemptions to certain sectors, such as agriculture.Acc ording to a media report only 0.81 million people filed tax returns during 2011-12, despite the fact that some 3.39 million people possessed National Tax Numbers. Only 0.6pc of the population pays taxes in Pakistan, as against 4.7pc in India, 58pc in France and 80pc in Canada, the report observes. The easy availability of weapons and explosives is another grave issue badly affecting peace in the country. According to an bet 20 million illegal weapons pose a serious threat to national security. However, deweaponization based on zero tolerance can earn dividends. Balochistan is a province where establishing the rule of law is a major challenge. The countrys largest province, as far as area is concerned, is divided into A and B policing areas. To strengthen the writ of the government in 2003 a program of converting B areas into A areas at the cost of Rs5.515bn was started. But owing to certain reasons the colonial-cum-tribal set-up was restored in 2009.When institutions fail to protec t human rights and dispense justice, the vacuum is filled by non-state actors. The low conviction rate encourages criminals. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, during 2012 in cases of terrorism, the conviction rate was only 4pc. Overall in Pakistan the conviction rate varies from 5pc to 10pc, whereas in the US it is 95pc. According to Indias National Crime Records Bureau data, in that country during 2012 the conviction rate was 38.5pc. The rule of law requires balance between rights and responsibilities, where no one is above the law including the government. The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights and everyone is supposed to have access to justice, including the accused. In our context judicial activism and a free media have enhanced the understanding of human rights.From September 2012 to September 2013, 45,040 complaints were filed with the Human Rights Cell of the SC. Yet delayed justice erodes the publics agency in the system. For example in 2012 there were 107,088 cases pending in 437 courts of Sindh alone. Reluctance of the witnesses to testify speaks to the defects in the system. The rule of law requires a human-friendly refuseional system, having the capacity to correct human behavior. But Pakistans overcrowded jails only end up creating more hardened criminals.RULE OF LAW UNDER CONSTITUTION OF ISLAMICE REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN 1973In the constitution of Pakistan 1973 the principle of rule of law was embodied in shape of article 4 which though is not a part of the fundamental Rights however provides better safe guard to the individual as even in the emergency this right to be dealt in accordance with law is not suspended.As it was held in Jamal Shah Case PLD 1966 SC 1.According to Kaikas Justice condition 4 prevents the Government from taking any action in their country for which there is no legal sanction and it at the same time debars the legislature from creating an authority whose actions are not subject to law. It was also held in Mir Ali Nawaz Bugti v s. Superintendent Jail PLD 1966 sc 357 , 360 It is mean to negative any claim by the Government that any category of its acts in relation to citizens and other persons in paksitan are not subject to law at all In Brig. Imtiaz Ahmad vs Govt. of Pakistan 1994 SCMR 2142, 2160. It was sought to be argued that the Appellant the former director Intelligence Bureau who had challenged the registration of some criminal cases against him was not an ordinary man, the supreme court thought it necessary to recall for the benefit of all concerns that the law makes no difference between great and petty officers thank matinee idol they all are amenable to justice.In Federation of Pakistan vs. Ghulam Mustafa Khar PLD 1989 SC 26, 53 It was held that so predominant is the position of Article 4 in the constitution that it furnishes the only Guarantee assurance to the citizenwhen the fundamental rights are suspended.in a ay the Article confers a right which is more basic then fundamental rights beca use while the fundamental rights can be suspended the right given in Article 4 cannot be. In Manzoor Ellahi vs. federation of Pakistan PLD 1975 SC 66 it was held that Pakistan is governed Rule of Law as as embodied in Article 4 and 5 of Constitution. The constitution creates no right and imposes no duty in vain. INTRODUCTION OF DUE PROCESS AND upright TRIAL IN FORM OF ARTICLE 10-A 10A. Right to fair trial.- For the determination of his civil rights and obligations or in any criminal charge against him a person shall be entitled to a fair trial and due process. After introduction of Article 10 A The due process of law which is relatively a wider term than the rule of law has been made the part of fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution to the subjects of the state.Through Article 10-A of the Constitution which is largely inspired by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the legislators have introduced two fundamental concepts i.e. of due process and fair t rial. Interlinked as these are, due process has a much wider meaning than fair trial. The history of due process is rooted in the Magna Carta in English ordinance and, subsequently, in the American jurisprudence surrounding the 5th and 14th amendments to the US constitution.The 14th Amendment, for example, states No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The US Supreme Court has interpreted the 14th Amendment as having created a constitutional natural law that would be available as a protection against the states and not just the federal government (which was the position under the 5th Amendment). In Pakistan the Article 10 A is still under process of interpretation before various court as various exiting laws have been challenge d in various writ Petitions. However it can be presumed that the introduction of Article 10 A would be serve as an instrument for the legislature and law enforcing agencies to seal with the subjects on equal footing while law making process. CONCLUSIONFor improvement in the rule of law, the enforcement wings of authoritiessuch as the Federal Board of Revenue, civic administrations, PEMRA, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority and the Drug restrictive Authority etc. need better administration. The media in Pakistan, especially the electronic media, has the potential to educate the masses regarding their role in the establishment of the rule of law. Instead, at times, some outlets end up glorifying non-state actors. Improved rule of law in Pakistan requires an improved criminal justice system, especially in Fata, Balochistan, Karachi and certain parts of KPK. consequently capacity-building and revamping of the whole criminal justice system is essential. Reforming one component wi ll not work synchronised reforms are the need of the hour.

Cultural Self-Assessment Essay

I got 9 correct answers and 14 incorrect answers. This score is set down than I expected. I was anticipating to get more than half of the total questions right because I thought that the set of questions on cultural competency for health attending providers is an easy subject to tackle. However, my effronterys have proven me wrong. I have realized that this topic required more knowledge about contrasting burnishs and its relation to providing high-quality and culturally competent medical services. Prior to taking these quiz, I thought that giving medical attention to people from different cultural backgrounds was an uncomplicated task.The reason rear end this thinking is that culture is an issue that is familiar with every individual. More so, when dealing with a problem that involves the interaction of two or more dissimilar cultures, the rude(a) instinct is to treat the difference with sensitivity and respect. It may seem that this is as simple as it sounds. But as I suss outed about the results of the quiz, on that point appears to be more than just being considerate and being polite. What we currently know does not necessarily mean that it is everything that we ought to know.People should go beyond their relieve zone and try to understand things that are foreign to us. In the field of medicine, it is very important to practice this so as to provide the best electric charge to forbearings in aid of prolonging and improving their lives. 2. Which items did you answer correctly? Which items did you answer incorrectly? To what do you attribute your incorrect responses? Out if the 23 questions in the quiz, I got mostly correct answers on questions about communicating the similarities and differences of people from different backgrounds.However, there were some aspects of this subject matter that I did not do well such as asking about the patients personal background in a non-offensive way and soliciting g culture in a non-verbal manner. Meanwhile, the 14 incorrect answers that I obtained were mostly about the beliefs and mannerisms of specific cultures. Also, I did poorly on handling language interpretation between a medical practician and the patient. Apparently, based on these results, I have a lot of learning to do to be able to be a competent medical practitioner in a culturally diverse environment.I think that one of the main reasons why I did so badly in this quiz is the assumption that handling cultural differences has a universal approach. More so, I thought that a certain method or attitude can be relevant to numerous race and ethnicity. But in reality, every culture demands to be treated distinctively because a Hispanic patient can have dissimilar needs with and Asian patient or a Western medical approach cannot be applied to a medical problem of a patient from an African descent. 3. How will you enhance your cultural competence in any areas in which you were deficient?How will you maintain your cultural competen ce in areas in which you were proficient? Since I was able to get more wrong answers than the right ones, I have realized that I have a lot of things to learn that will increase my knowledge about cultural competency and also I have to improve my skills in handling patients of diverse cultural backgrounds. peerless way of achieving this is by immersing myself to another cultural environment. Thought this, I can have a first-hand experience about the various traditions and beliefs that a certain culture practices.The knowledge that I will gain from this cultural encounter would aid me in becoming more sensitive and more informed on the different aspects of a specific culture which can guide me to become an efficient health care provider. On the other hand, with the culture competence areas that I am proficient, I plan to further my knowledge when it comes to communicating similarities and differences of people from different backgrounds. It is important to properly execute this in o rder to gain accurate information from the patient and also to provide effective measures as a medical practitioner.

The writeup focuses on the lives of individuals

Is a obtain that describes how low ranking and shy individuals acquit suddenly run low a public figure And the question will be that of what siginificance is homosexuality history in Africa? And how this information can help in the fight against the scouge of military personnel immunodeficiency virus AIDS ,inequality in socal status as well as gender violence in African continent.The writeup focuses on the lives of individuals who do not comply with the societal conventios in regards to marriage and love drawing from Epprecht and books.HUNGOCHANI is a book written by Eppreth on nauthodox and nonconforming sexuality in southAfrica.coupled therefore with intelligent piece from other writers one can get a clear image of individuals who do practice what their environment expect as core values.Additional material includes some(prenominal) fictionalised accounts of same-sex relationships in southern Africa.The greatest shocker in Africa in the recent period is the emergence of terms l ike homosexuality, festive legal rights and homophobia and lesbianism all to the chagrin and annoyance of many.Ephereth book also reported incidence of same sex marrage for instance in 1990,GALZ was founded in ZIMbabwe with the objective of enhancing interaction among the gay theme members.They have moved pass on at resent by looking for how to form alliance with activist organization such as he womenss right campaign group , organizations campaigning agaist HIV/AIDS and human rights groups.The aims of GALZ in Zimbabwe is therefore to increase gays rights awareness in a compound forum thereby facilitating the incorporation of this rights along with some of the other fundamental human rights.This is an area that civil organization are yet to have headway in south Africa.Ghana became in 1957 the starting signal country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Lesbians and gays, though, are still waiting to be liberated from a repressive British legacy sodomy laws.A gay social l ife exists, mostly in the form of house parties, and a few queer-friendly clubs in the capital, Accra, but there are adventures. Because homosexuality is illegal, club-goers, especially tourists, risk blackmail. If they dont pay, social and legal consequences can be serious.The book examines is a mix of works in the gay and lesbian associations and it uses journals and other significant materials to make hot record in this regards.the books gave atreatise on therecords of Lesbians and gays in the Japanese pacific fight issues like gayism,trangenderism a and also lesbianism.It delves in to queer roups interface in the ontogenesis international community and US ,it argues the meaning attributed to the various queer society and opes the eyes of readers to the development o gays and lesbians in the japan after the war .Mac Clelland bind titled the social situation facing gay in japan demonstreates how the society sees and reacts to Queers and reveals the whole organization of Japane se nation and the expent of tolerancr to sexual minorities as they have a strong component of the Human Rights policies constructed by the Tokyo City Human Rights Policy Directive Manual released in 2000.The promise to protect the human rights was made by Japanese government following resistance from the Japanese public,Queer activist group and human rights organization when the policy of 200 excluded the inclusion of gays

Poetry Analysis Essay

Introduction Name of poem Home Burial Name of poet Robert Frost hear of publication 1915 Other relevant background info This poem talks about Living, Death, sorrow and grieving, Relationships and Familly And ancestors. It is full of sadness and grief. During its publication it is presented as a whole new genre of poetry. Two deaths were depicted in the poem, that of a child and an end up of marriage. The poem deals with essential loneliness. This poem is brought up by his experience of losing his two children at a very young age. One of his son, committed suicide.Form of poem It is a free verse Dramatic run-in Structure of poem The Poem has no rhyme end yet it have noticeable number of stresses per lines. Lines spoken by people are cover in quotation marks and thus recognized as such. It also used emotional or tense form of words Rhyme scheme No rhyme scheme Meaning Overall Meaning Each of us has its own destiny. Decision making takes a big role in human support as such it will dictate the future of a person. Though we may not have the privilege or the aptitude to see our future, we can rely that in every action there is a reaction.It is said that Frost took the road less taken but in reality all of us travel in this very road and that is life, the run of life. All fo us run the same cycle. How the poem relates to life in general, and/or my life In decision making, we should take into consideration the effects it will burst forth and that what ever the result, I must be ready to embrace the consequence whether good or bad. Alliteration I shall laugh the worst laugh I ever laughed To give of the best. To perform as if it will be the last. To smile at least theres no tomorrow.

Hot Seat Chapter 16 Essay

1 . The fundamental ideas associated with the mercantile theory were that everything was to benefit the mother country, each(prenominal) solid ground was trying to achieve self-sufficiency, colonies and agriculture would improve economy and raw materials, and the country must benefit at the expense of others. For the most part, these ideas along with a few other minor pieces helped European nations to conquer much of the late and old world. Great Britain was the most successful with a vast overseas conglomerate by North America, the West Indies, Africa and into India.They governed their colonies effectively and efficiently maximizing power and economic strength over the world. The least successful would probably be Portugal. They ab initio started out buckram, finding trade routes along Africa into Asia and conquering Brazil, however by the 18th century their empire had diminished to slight secure of Brazil and near no other colonies. 2. The main points of contest between B ritain and France in North America were in the St. Lawrence River valley and the Ohio River valley. These areas were huge enters of trade and influence of the Native Americans that two the French and English desired.In the West Indies the conflict was mainly over crops and through naval battles. These skirmishes affected overseas trade and the flow of resources. In India, the conflict was mainly restricted to port cities and factories set up by the early English and French settlers along the Indian subcontinent. 3. Triangle trade was an extremely profitable trading method to transport goods, raw materials, and resources between Europe, the Americas, and Africa. European sailors ould travel down to Africa and exchange weapons (mostly) for African slaves from West African kings.These slaves were typically prisoners of war that the correspond African cities wanted to get rid of. Europeans would transport these slaves to the West Indies and North American colonies were they would be traded for bullion and raw materials found and grown in the in the buff World. Finally those ships would take the materials back to Europe were they could be sold and traded to the rest of the world. Triangle trade was an effective way for mercantilist empires to become more self- ufficient and grow economically. 4. Initially, the Spanish conquered and controlled the largest empire in the Americas.They had colonies in much of the rich West Indies, all passim Central America, most of federation America, and the South West of North America. They would furcate much of their territories into Judicial councils called audiencias. Each audiencia had a local official loyal to the Spanish crown called a Corregidor. Before the Bourbon reforms, Queen Isabella had assigned much of the colonial control to the Council of the Indies, hich nominated viceroys for the New World. Trade was mostly ruled by a flota system of yearly shipping with Spain.With the Bourbon reforms, Charles Ill attemoted to reassert Spanish control over the colonies. He allowed more than one Spanish city (Cadiz) to trade with the New World and opened more Caribbean ports. colonists) as the heads of society. They were the elites while the creoles were subordinate. 5. Slavery was introduced to the Americas through the triangle trading networks where large numbers of blacks were brought over form Africa. This wasnt the first nstitution of slavery, however it is one of the worst recordings of slavery throughout history.Slavery became a fundamental part of the plantation system and completely necessary to the New World colonies economies. Without slaves, much of the intense economic growth experienced by the New World and Europe would not eat occurred. The plantation system helped drive inhumane treatment of slaves because they were then seen as property, farm tools, that could be replaced. When they misbehaved or didnt function properly, the plantation owners would either fix them through torture) or kill them.Despite the harsh treatment of slaves, our country and many others would arguably never have gotten to where it is today without them. 6. By the end of the Seven Years War, France and Austria came out defeated. In Europe, almost no borders or politics changed. Germany was still disputed and Prussia remained a strong power with England at its back. In North America, France lost all of their colonies and possessions. England and her North American colonies defeated the French and with the Treaty of Paris, cast them out.The only real footing France now held in the New World were through its West Indies possessions. Great Britain now came out as a world power and probably the strongest nation up until the USAs uprising. 7. Many European, especially British, events and ideas helped influence the American Revolution and drive the colonists to rebel. The John Wilkes affair which challenged the Kings power and the influence of Parliament. John Wilkes criticized the intermission n egotiations with France after the Seven Years War and gained much support from mall property owners and the nobles who wished to drain the kings power.America saw these demonstrations of proof as to the tyrannical disposition of a monarchy. The Glorious Revolution to a fault showed to the colonists how sometimes a new government must be instated to protect the people. Thinkers like John Locke and Thomas Paine also widely influenced the minds of many Americans. The American Revolution also caused a domino effect over much of the New World colonies like Haiti and other South American areas. It displayed the Enlightenment characteristics and helped inspire the French revolution. Great British political radicals saw that taxation of their North American colonies as far and Just. England had protected and defended them throughout the Seven Years War and they must share some of the burden. Also, American colonists paid significantly less taxes than the English citizens in Great Britain s o they had no reason to complain. Americans were outraged because they were only represented through virtual representation. They felt that if the Parliament wished to tax the colonies, they must give them fair representation in Parliament, no taxation without

Minority Cultures in Mississippi Essay

The purpose of this paper is to make a better understanding of African American and Mexican American civilisations in my region and their importance to unite States society, as well as relating their similarities and differences to each(prenominal) different and my own finis. This willing be d ane in an effort to develop skills that assist me in providing my future students the opportunity to value diversity and reduce cultural barriers and biases. This paper coers confused aspects of each subtlety, stickning with the beliefs and traditions of each nuance.In supplement to those beas, the facets of religion, holidays, and foods of gr wash up significance to each culture atomic number 18 explored. Finally, the most meaningful argona in relation to my teaching success is analyzed. The area of education is considered, center on educational aspirations as well as the professions of members of these cultures receivable to their educational backgrounds. After examining all of the aspects, the cultures will be compared and contrasted in an effort to learn how to over get on with cultural differences. African American Family Life Family life is single of the most import ant aspects in the African American culture.This belief stems from twain their African grow and early slavery. Keeping family members close was important in twain tribal Africa and among slaves. Your family is believed to give you strength and support this belief is still widely practiced today. African American families frequently visit both immediate as well as extended family. In fact, neighborhood barbeques and lead offies are a common occurrence. African American families also hold family reunions yearly, which include some(prenominal) surnames of families who may be closely related or as distant as fourteenth cousins or more.Often convictions, non-relatives are also invited and treated as family. Many African American neighborhoods are close-knit communities who a good deal spend much of their spare time socializing with one an separate. Because of this closeness, legion(predicate) non-relatives become known as play family. These play family members piddle become such good friends to the family that they are treated as members of the extended family. The elderly are regarded as the head of the family and are given the utmost respect. To the African American culture, living a long life elbow room the person is very wise and is often the first ascendent for advice.An elder is believed to select led a fulfilled life and the funeral, t presentfore, is often celebrated as a joyous occasion. To the African American culture, death is simply passing from one realm of life to an early(a). They believe their loved one is leaving the evils of this homo behind for a utopia, so there is often a party after the sepulcher service. African American Hairstyles and Names Many African American beliefs and traditions can be traced back to their original African ro ots. Locks and braiding are two of these. They are widely practiced hairstyles among African Americans today. some(prenominal) types of hairstyles were started by tribes in Africa.Locks, comm hardly called dread-locks, are common among the tribes of S turn uph Africa. Because water is scarce and dust is prevalent in that area, locks are popular due to their ease of maintenance. Braiding, on the other hand, is an aspect of worth among Western African tribes. Often, the men of tribes there receive a braided lock for achieving a substantial accomplishment. Both of these conventional African hairstyles made their style to the United States with the slaves and are still of great importance to African American culture today, as a method of displaying pride in their historical roots. other aspect of African American culture with ties to Africa is naming children. Children are often given names with African roots. However, the members of the African American culture beget also developed a set of names, which are funnyly African American. They often add the prefixes of La-, Le-, and Da- to their childrens names, which is exclusive only to their culture. African American Music African American culture has given United States society various styles of medical specialty in the form of ghostlike hymns and spirituals, jazz, blues, and hip-hop.Spirituals began with slaves on the plantations. They were often apply to send secret messages between each other because the plantation owners could not understand their meanings. These verses were religious folk songs based on African music styles and were improvisational. The spirituals apply various musical aspects from smooth flowing styles, which led to the sensual sounds of jazz, to sadness and despair, which led to the blues, to spoken-word singsong, which eventually led to hip-hop.Ethnomusicologists trace hip-hops roots to the dance, drum, and song of West African griots, or business relationship split upers, its pa iring of word and music, and the manifestation of the painful journey of slaves who survived the middle passage (McBride, 2007, p. 102). African American Language The American side of meat language was also greatly influenced by the African American culture, especially in the S turn uphern United States. African American Vernacular incline (AAVE) is a variation of the American English language closely associated with the speech of African Americans (Coulmas, 2005, p. 177).AAVE is considered by many as slang, and it is in prevalent use by African Americans, as well as other cultures, all over the United States today. African American Religion The bleak Church has historically been a source of hope and strength for the African American community. Religion is an essential and integral part of their receives, with approximately 85 percent of African Americans belonging to a Protestant denomination. In the African American society, God is viewed as the source of both good health and serious illness. The most common method of treating illness in the African American culture is prayer.It is expected in most churches that an individual should present their best appearance for worship. African American women in particular are known for wearing vibrant dresses and suits. The Black Church is one of intense enthusiasm and high emotion. African American author W. E. B. DuBois perhaps captured the spirit of the Black Church best by stating, Even in the midst of preaching, the worshipers carried on a dialogue with the preacher by shouting approvals or calling out remarks aimed at encouraging him to lean harder to reach his point (DuBois, 2005, pp. 184 185).It is not uncommon to hear an African American congregation shouting Amen or Preach it, associate or You tell em, Reverend in agreeance with their pastor or to hear the choir echoing Well? behind the pulpit to advance the pastors next words. The entire world could learn from the African American cultures passion for Christ. African American Holidays The African American culture has several holidays which not only help its members connect to their historical roots and assist the rest of society in identifying the significant impact African Americans have had on influence the United States.One way this is done is through with(predicate) Black History Month. Each February, television networks and schools throughout the United States celebrate the contributions of various African Americans to the world. One of the individuals focused on during Black History Month is Martin Luther King Jr. , whose quest for equality, peace, and civil rights was so powerful in shaping American society that his birthday is another important holiday in the African American culture. Now recognized as a national national holiday, Martin Luther King Jr.Day is celebrated nationwide on January 15. other significant holiday is Juneteenth. The crudes of the Emancipation Proclamation signing reached the slaves of the South on June 19, 1865, and the slaves responded by having a huge celebration. Today, Juneteenth allows African Americans the opportunity to celebrate freedom and is celebrated all over the United States with food, storytelling, games, music, and African American culture. Each year, over thirteen million African Americans celebrate Kwanzaa (Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, 2003, p.57). This holiday uses customs from the harvest celebrations of Africa and was developed to help African Americans celebrate their heritage. This holiday lasts heptad days and focuses on seven principles of the Swahili people. Upon a unity mat sits a candleholder with seven candles, and one candle is lit each day to represent one of the principles. Christmas is another important holiday for African Americans because of the Black Nativity play performed in many churches.Originally written by Langston Hughes, it is a retelling of the classic virgin birth story, only with an entirely African Am erican cast and gospel style Christmas carols. A major performance of this play is held yearly in Boston at Tremont Temple by The National Center of Afro-American Artists (NCAAA), who refer to Black Nativity as, a legendary Christmas event and the Black communitys Christmas place to the world (NCAAA, 2008). African American Foods The foods of the African Americans also play an important role in most cultures of the United Stated.These foods, commonly referred to as soul food, have become widely popular throughout the United States. Many of these foods such as black-eyed peas, cornbread, greens, sweet potatoes, macaroni and cheese, and deep fried foods were originally eaten in Africa and made their way to the United States with the slaves. bandage others, such as chitlins, neck bones, and ham hocks, were created by the slaves out of necessity. During their time in captivity, they were only fed the scraps that their owners would not eat, ant they had to discover methods of cooking t hese items in such a way that they would be edible.African American Education and Employment African Americans in Mississippi unluckily live in one of the poorest states in the coun humble, and their education is influenced by that factor. The poor economic state of Mississippi greatly hinders the public school system here due to lack of funding. In the Mississippi Delta, where the population is almost entirely African American, the economy is so depleted that obtaining a quality education is passing difficult (U. S. Commission on cultivated Rights, 2001, p. 36).The lack of a quality education hinders Mississippis number of high school and college graduates, but for African Americans the number is extremely grave. Only 47. 3 percent of African American students in Mississippi will earn a high school diploma, and of that percentage, only 8. 8 percent of them will go on to earn a bachelors degree or higher (U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2001, p. 36). It is a widely known fact t hat not graduating high school greatly influences a persons financial and professional future.With less than half of the African American population of Mississippi graduating high school, the poverty direct among these individuals is obviously high. The number of African American families living below poverty level is tremendous, especially in majority-black communities like one would find in the Mississippi Delta. The percentage of black families with incomes below the poverty level runs from a low of 46. 4 percent in Washington County to a high of 68 percent in Tunica County, and most Mississippi counties are marked by double-digit unemployment place (U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2001, p.1 2). The individuals who are employed are most likely employed in a position that pays the federal borderline wage rate, such as fast food or retail chains, due to the low high school graduation rate. Overall, the African American culture in Mississippi is at a great disadvantage when i t comes to educational and professional success. Mexican American Family Life Family closeness is an important aspect of Mexican American culture, as well. Not only do the members of this culture spend a great deal of time with their families, but they often all live together under one roof.It is not uncommon for grandparents, parents, children, cousins, aunts, and uncles to all live in the same home. The entire family is involved in all aspects of each others lives, with the elders being the most respect and revered members of the family. Children are expected to honor their families no matter the circumstances. Their actions must never bring shame to their family, and handed-down Mexican American families are very strict on their children in an effort to keep them from participating in dishonorable acts.These values of honor, respect, and family endearment are carried out in death as well. When a loved one passes away, they are dressed in special clothing and stay in the family home overnight. While in the family home, a wake is held, and friends and family bring food to serve at the wake. Only the family then accompanies the body to the grave. No service is held, but the family members sing religious Spanish hymns. Most significant is the perspective on death held by many Mexican American Catholics that, rather than an end, death is seen as a new beginning (Diaz-Stevens & Stevens Arroyo, 1998, p.73). Because of this view, for years after the original wake, on the same date, those who attended it will reunite to celebrate the life and passing of their loved one. Mexican American Names and Language For the most part, Mexican Americans stay true to their original Mexican heritage and culture. While a few Mexican American families film to name their children more traditional American names, the majority of parents consume names with Mexican ties and meanings, like Javier, Joaquin, Carmen, and Rosa. Another way, Mexican Americans stay connected to their heri tage is through their language.Even fluent English speakers tend to speak Spanish with other members of their culture, as opposed to English. Mexican American parents who choose to teach their children to speak English teach them Spanish as well and most often speak to them in the Spanish language. Mexican Americans also choose to incorporate Spanish music and television into their daily lives. In fact, the interest is so high among Mexican Americans to have Spanish television in the United States that cable and satellite providers have special packages created especially for the Hispanic people, which include channels from Mexico such as Telemundo and Univision.Mexican American Quinces Another tradition of Mexican American families is a quince. No matter how Americanized a Latina is, chances are she will look forward to her quince. No matter how economically tight her parents might be, they will maintain the tradition (Figueredo, 2002, p. 152). A quince is the Mexican equivalent to a sweet sixteen party combined with a debutant ball. The quince takes place on a girls fifteenth birthday and is very formal. The birthday girl has several female maids and male escorts in her court.The court makes its grand entrance, and the birthday girl and her father begin to waltz. Soon, the entire court joins in, and once the waltz is muster out, the party continues, as would an American sweet sixteen party. Mexican American Religion Religion and prayer are very important to the Mexican American culture. Approximately 80 percent of the Mexican American population is of the Catholic faith (Figueredo, 2002, p. 166). Mexican Americans are a very superstitious people, frequently wearing medallions or amulets for protection.The prevention of illness and unfortunate events is believed to be accomplished with prayer, wearing religious relics, and keeping religious charms in the home. Many homes have shrines for prayer in them these shrines contain religious statues, pictures of var ious saints, and prayer candles. The family members gather at these shrines, light the prayer candles and rigorously pray. Mexican American Holidays Holidays are of great significance in the Mexican culture, and many of the holidays celebrated in Mexico are still celebrated by Mexican Americans in the United States.Semana Santa celebrates the Christian holiday of Easter and runs from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday. The most essential aspect of this holiday is attending mass on both trade good Friday and Easter Sunday. Live representations of Jesus Christs crucifixion take place in many communitiespeople from the communities assume the roles of Jesus, Virgin Mary, St. Peter, St. John, and many other characters (Michigan State University, 2008). Cinco de Mayo is celebrated yearly on May 5 and commemorates the defeat of the French army by the Mexicans at The Battle of Puebla in 1862.This supremacy gave the Mexican people pride in their orbit and the spirit of freedom and is celebrated in various parts of Mexico and in U. S. cities with a significant Mexican American population (Michigan State University, 2008). The Day of the Dead is a celebration that represents the unity between life and death. On October 31, relatives decorate the gravesite of their loved ones in readying for the return of their loved ones soul. They also decorate an altar at their home with photos of the loved one and some of the loved ones favorite items.The Feast of Our Lady Guadalupe is a very important religious holiday among Mexican Americans. It is believed that a female appeared to an Indian, outside of Mexico City, and said she was the mother of God. She leftover an image of herself on his cactus-cloth. It the cloth should have deteriorated in twenty years but shows no sign of decay 477 years later (Michigan State University, 2008). She has become a prestigious religious figure for Mexican American Catholics, and her holiday is celebrated on December 12 each year by attending a spe cial mass service.The Christmas holiday season for the Mexican American culture runs from December 16 through February 2 each year and is combined with traditional Christian aspects as well as special Mexican festivities. The first of these is Las Posadas, which is nine consecutive days of candlelight processions and parties. Neighborhood families gather to reenact the consecrated familys night in Bethlehem. The breaking of the pinata is a very important aspect of this holiday. The second of these is Noche Buena, which is the peak of holiday festivities, with the celebration of a midnight mass on Christmas Eve.After the mass, the families enjoy a traditional Christmas supper, common to the United States, of turkey, ham, and other common Christmas dinner items. The family then opens gifts and celebrates with a pinata and sparklers. Christmas Day is traditionally set excursion for rest. The final of these celebrations occurs on January 6 and is called Dia de Los Tres Reyes Magos. Th is day celebrates the arrival of the Wise Men in Bethlehem. Mexican American children wake up to toys and other gifts.Rosca de Reyes is served on this day, which is a crown-shaped sweet bread decorated with jewel-like candied fruits and a tiny plastic baby hidden inside. Whoever finds the baby in their piece is required to host a party before the Christmas holiday season ends on February 2. Mexican American Foods Tex-Mex is a term used to describe a regional American cuisine that blends food products available in the United States and the culinary creations of Mexican Americans influenced by the cuisines of Mexico (Barrios Trevino, 2002, p. 3).Many dishes such as chili, fajitas, salsa, quesadillas, burritos, and nachos are not true Mexican dishes but were invented in the United States by Mexican Americans. Even dishes cooked here that originated in Mexico, like tacos, are not prepared in the same manner they would be in Mexico. While Mexican American Tex-Mex dishes are cooked to be hot, topped with tons of cheese, and served in large portions, true Mexican dishes are exactly the opposite. Therefore, Mexican Americans coined their own style of cooking and created some of the United States most loved dishes.Mexican American Education and Employment Unfortunately, the graduation rates for Mexican Americans are very low. The language barrier between the Mexican American culture and the English speaking population of the United States combined with the obligation on many Mexican Americans to work to help support family in Mexico no doubt contribute to this. Only closely half, 48. 7 percent, of the Mexican American population complete their high school education, and a mere 15. 4 percent of those students earn at least a bachelors degree (U. S.Dept of Commerce dressing table of the Census, 2003 p. 5). The majority of Mexican Americans gain employment at blue-collar jobs such as construction or in the restaurant industry. Many Mexican Americans come to the United S tates illegally, which causes them to look for employment with employers who will look past their status. Being here illegally or working a blue-collar job meaning that most Mexican Americans must settle for low wages of minimum wage or slightly higher. Similarities Between the Two Cultures Conducting this research led to the affect discovery of several similarities.Both cultures desire to remain close to their families, both immediate and extended, by not only seeing each other often but also buy having parties and get-togethers. Both cultures rely greatly on the elderly members of their culture for their knowledge and advice and treat them with the utmost respect and endearment. While the essential proceedings of the funeral are quite different, the cultures are the same in that they see death as a new beginning and, therefore, a cause for celebration. Both cultures are also proud of their heritage.This can be seen in everything from their celebratory traditions during certain holidays to giving their children names, which are unique to their culture. Another similarity is the strong part religion and prayer play in the lives of the members of each culture. In both cultures, prayer is believed to provide comfort and protection. Finally, the most disheartening theme which is common among both cultures is the high dropout rate among high school students and the fact that most members of each culture are employed in low paying positions either due to a lack of education or opportunity.Differences Among the Two Cultures As suspected, the research also led to the discovery of many differences among the cultures as well. As previously mentioned, the burial process of a loved one is quite different among the cultures. African Americans tend to have elaborate, celebratory services honoring the life of their loved one and invite all friends and family members to the burial service. The body is usually sent to a funeral home for preparation and burial. Mexican Amer icans, on the other hand, keep the body in their home and invite friends and family to pay their respects during a wake.The body is initially prepared by the family for the wake, and only family members attend the actual burial. Although African American families work hard to keep their families close, only their immediate family lives in the home with them unless circumstances cause otherwise, while Mexican Americans quite often live in a home with many relatives of both their immediate and extended family. Their religions and religious practices are also very different. Most all African Americans are of a Protestant denomination, while most all Mexican Americans are Catholic.The Catholic services of Mexican Americans tend to be very quiet and solemn, while African American services are very loud, emotional affairs, with frequent shouts of praise and singing. Shrines are also very important to Mexican American prayer, while African Americans choose to pray almost anywhere. They do not feel the need to pray at a particular place or around particular items. Another major difference is in the types of foods each culture consumes. African Americans tend to eat a lot of vegetables and fried foods, heavy in salt.Mexican Americans, however, eat meals, which include a lot of meat and tortillas with very few vegetables, which include tomatoes, onions, and hot peppers. Applying the Project to the Classroom Recognizing the characteristics of each culture, along with the similarities and differences in each culture, will assist one in overcoming cultural barriers and biases. The training in this project will prove to be very useful inside a classroom. It could be used in several ways, the first being to teach students about each culture. The second way would be to teach students how the cultures are alike or different.The final way would help students compare the cultures to their own. One way this information could be applied is by teaching students about a holiday uni que to one of the cultures. For example, on or close to December 16, the teacher could ask the students to come to school dressed as a character from the nativity story such as an angel, a Wise Man, or a shepherd. Then, after studying about Las Posadas and even having a Mexican American student tell a story about the holiday if possible, the students could parade up and down the hallways of the school and end their festivities by taking turns trying to break a pinata.Another way this information could be applied is to have the children write a story about a family celebration or gathering and then having each student read their story aloud. By doing this, each child will have the opportunity to see similarities and differences between each cultural group delineated in the classroom. This would also help minority groups such as African Americans and Mexican Americans identify with majority students and move toward forming bonds. A final way this information could be applied is by st udying the foods eaten by both cultures.The teacher could read a story about the foods of both cultures and explain the origins of each cultures foods. During this lesson, the students should sample various foods from both cultures. By doing this, the students will not only be learning about another culture and receiving the opportunity to try something new but will also most likely discover that they have already had many of the foods from both cultures but were unaware of it. Each culture has aspects, which are unique only to that culture. However, both cultures also have aspects, which can be related to ones own culture.In any event, both cultures are uniquely beautiful and contribute to the United States society and culture as a whole and should therefore not only be respected but also treasured. In its own way, each culture, combined with all of the other cultures of the United States people make our nation the greatly extraordinary country that it is. ? References Barrios Trev ino, D. (2002). Los Barrios family cookbook Tex-Mex recipes from the heart of San Antonio. New York, NY Villard Books. (Primary Source) Coulmas, F. (2005). Sociolinguistics The study of speakers choices.Cambridge, MA Cambridge University Press. (Secondary Source) Diaz-Stevens, A. M. & Stevens Arroyo, A. M. (1998). Recognizing the Latino resurgence in U. S. religion. Boulder, CO Westview Press. (Secondary Source) DuBois, W. E. B. (2005). The souls of black folk. New York, NY Simon and Schuster. (Primary Source) Figueredo, D. H. (2002). The complete idiots address to Latino history and culture. New York, NY Alpha Books. (Secondary Source) McBride, J (2007, April). Hip hop planet. National Geographic, 211(4), 100-118. (Secondary Source)Michigan State University Teaching Hispanic Cultures of the Americas Institute (2008). Learning about Hispanic cultures through the study of Latino and Mexican holidays, celebrations and traditions. Retrieved June 28, 2009, from http//www. educ. msu. ed u/teachglobal/Americas/module1. html (Primary Source) National Center of Afro-American Artists (2008). Black nativity. Retrieved June 27, 2009, from http//www. blacknativity. org/about/index. html (Secondary Source) Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences (2003). head for the hills to exploring African Americanculture. Retrieved June 28, 2009, from http//pubs. cas. psu. edu/FreePubs/pdfs/agrs92. pdf (Primary Source) U. S. Commission on Civil Rights (2001). Racial and ethnic tensions in American communities Poverty, inequality, and discrimination the Mississippi delta report. Retrieved June 28, 2009, from http//www. usccr. gov/pubs/msdelta/main. htm (Primary Source) U. S. Dept of Commerce Bureau of the Census (2003). We the American Hispanics. Retrieved June 26, 2009, from http//www. census. gov/apsd/wepeople/we-2r. pdf (Primary Source)

Life is a Gift Essay

Life is a gift. It is an honor a spark an excitement. We all have a world of our own. A wise author, Albert Camus, once stated, you will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never kick the bucket if you are looking for the importation of spirit (Albert Camus). Life is about living to your fullest abilities why bollocks up our condemnation looking for the import of each breath we take? Each person is a part of life. Each life has a world of its own. I believe that the meaning of life, defined by Victor E.Frankl, is to find meaning in our own life. Each and every person on this planet has a meaning to his own life, and is a unique and independent individual. And so, the question comes on, Who am I? The resolution is I. I am who I am, and not one person basis ever change that. My life is exceedingly meaningful, and is made up of a series of rituals, experiences, a plentiful amount of mistakes, and umpteen various emotions. Accor ding to the article, The Rite of Passage, a ritual helps us understand the changes in our lives and give meaning to experiences we undergo.Rituals say who we are today, as well as the sum total of our actions, feelings, and thoughts that makes each person in this world, a single, individual person. An example of a major ritual and life-changing correctt in the Odyssey is the trial of the bow. During this scene, a disguised Odysseus surpassed a difficult task, as he without effort strung the challenging bow. Odysseus, after laying the pointer on the arch, shot the mighty bow with careful aim, not missing an axes ring from first to last (Homer 2011).This scene makes a change in not only Odysseuss life, but also his son, Telemachus, and his wife, Penelope. The trial of the bow is an important Rite of Passage, offering significance to each one of their lives. Just homogeneous Odysseus, I have progressed through a numerous amount of rituals, a grand with experiences, mistakes, truths and actions, all leading up to the fourteen year old girl I am today. Although each person has a different opinion on what surrounds us, I believe the nature of the universe is full of the unknown. The world is a scary place to be in, it encloses us in, with nothing but mystery.It is a frightening thing, to move on with your life not knowing what will happen in the next few moments, but that is what life is all about the unknown. We surround ourselves with questions that can never be answered yet we take away to learn to live life in the present, not thinking about the future with every step we take. No one in this world is fearless, in fact, according to H. L. Mencken, The one aeonian emotion of the inferior man is fear fear of the unknown, the complex, the inexplicable. What he wants above everything else is safety (H.L. Mencken).In agreement to Mencken, nothing in this world is safe we waste seconds minutes hours even days worrying about our fears. Worrying about our fears of the unknown. I believe we cant relate to this unknown universe, however, we can live with it. Instead of waking up each day wondering what the unknown is, we need to wake up everyday focusing on what we do know, and translation that information into what we understand. In tack to find the meaning in our lives, we each need control over our lives. I control my life one century percent.I make me own decisions, choose my individual actions, and control my responses. We have complete control over our own lives. However, the one think we do not have control over is other peoples actions and decisions. Although we have the power in our individual lives, others may influence our judgments, choices, and conclusions. All of these factors affect whom we are, along with the fact that we cant control others reactions, which may cause poor influence on us. For example, in the novel, The Odyssey, Odysseus sails a long journey home, facing many distractions, challenges, and adventures.He encoun ters many different monsters that stop him in his path, including Cyclops, The Sirens, and Poseidon. Although Odysseus can control his actions, and the way he fights, he has a weakness when it comes to his opponents. Just like Odysseus, we can control our actions and responses, but when it comes to having others involves, we have no control over how they can act and make their choices. Living life freely, with no regrets, and accomplishing all of our goals. That is a pleasurable life. Taking risks, without worrying, loving ourselves, being happy with our achievements, and experiencing all different emotions is what life is all about.A variety of different feelings occur throughout our lives we need happiness, excitement, fears, anger, and even tears to lead a fulfilling life. In the independent reading novel, entitled Speak Melinda Sordino writes about emotions and feelings, When people dont express themselves, they fit one piece at a time (Anderson 58). Melinda believes the reaso ns people need to express themselves is because everyone needs to experience all kinds of emotions in order to interact and stop alive.In the Odyssey, Both Odysseus and Telemachus are involved by an overwhelming amount of emotions. Without the emphasis of their feelings without the novel, the story would have much less meaning and would not be as dramatic. Emotions add to our everyday conversations and feelings towards each other. We need them to live a satisfying, enjoyable life. I believe, in order to find the meaning of my life, I need to sit back, relax, and let the question answer itself. In order to survive, and live for as long as possible, I have to enjoy my life in the present.Not be thinking about the future, and where life is going to take me but live life as it is brought to me, rather then bringing myself to my life. By being patient and letting my life come to me as time goes on, I am sure to survive for a longer, happier, and more exciting flow of time. Yet, at the conclusion to each persons life, the certainty of death must strike. Getting ourselves ready for this unpredictable day is very easy, as long as weve accomplished everything that we have set out to achieve, death may appear whenever it feels the need to.It is a misfortunate thing, though, as some deaths develop so quickly and jerkyly, we do not have time to say our goodbyes. Nor do the victims have time to achieve their goals, and pass on wishes. An example of a sudden death is in the novel entitles Lost for Words, by Alice Kuipers. In the story, Sophies older sister died traumatically in a sudden train bombing. Due to the death, it ripped Sophies family apart. They stopped talking to each other, and everything became awkward between her and her mother.Because of the unpredictable death at such a young age, her sister was, sorrowfully, not ready for her time to come. She may have not achieved her goals in life, and got to take as many risks as life leads her too, making it an even bigger tragedy for Sophie and her family. There were a number of dreadful deaths in the Odyssey as well. These included Odysseus crew, Odysseus mother, and many suitors. From reading all of these disastrous scenes and stories about death, I have learned that in order to reconcile myself for the inevitability of death, I need to start living my life with many risks, and no regrets.By living my life without any doubts, and enjoying my life in the present, I can be sure to live a long, satisfying life, ready for the fate of death for whenever it decides to doom on me. I believe the meaning of life, is to find meaning in our own, individual lives. By waiting for life to come to me, and enjoying the present in a way of happiness, enjoyment, and risks, I can be sure to eventually come to a full understanding of why I am here, living today. Each life has a world of its own, and each person his own life. Each person in this world will have a different story to share, and a different meaning and conflict on our world today.

Summary Of A Visit Of Grandmother

Chills uncle, trades a sawbuck for a chair. His grand catch even rides the horse and the horse almost loses control, which she thinks that Is amusing and a crotchety experience. Then, she asks Charles, Chics father, if he remembers how tired they are. However, Charles is not present when his mother rides the horse and complains that she loves his rather more than him, because of their skin color differences.He yells, If GAL and I did something wrong, youd beat me first only if I wanted you to do something with me, you were always too busy. Charlies mother thinks she may have treated them differently, nevertheless thinks Charles is smarter to understand that. Charles returns to his room. Meanwhile, GAL, his brother, who is eager to meet with Charles, comes back. In the article, A Visit to Grandmother, which was published in the terpsichorean on theShore in 1964, William Melvin Kelley writes about Chics experience of visiting his grandmother with his father. The story begins wit h Chics father expressing an interest in attending a class reunion. The decision to visit Chics grandmother is casual and unplanned, although they have not seen each(prenominal) other for thirty years. Upon visit. During their dinner, his grandmother tells a story about how GAL, Chics uncle, almost loses control, which she thinks that is amusing and a funny experience. Then,

Gossip Girls

How many times a day do you gossip . . . .Either as a transmitter or receiver? Although you may think gossip is harmless, it can have some pretty knockout consequences. It did for four former employees of the town of Hooksett, Mew Hampshire, who were fired by the city council for gossiping about their boss. They larn the hard way that the gossip can cost you your job. The longtime employees were fired because one of the woman had use derogatory terms to describe the town administrator and because all of them had discussed a rumor that he was having an inter-group communication with a womanish subordinate.All four of the woman acknowledged feeling resentment toward the woman. Who worked in a curiously created position and was paid more than two of the employees, despite having less experience and seniority. Despite an appeal of their liberation by the four employees, the Hooksett council didnt budge and stated. These employees do not represent the best of the town of Hooksett a nd the false rumors, gossip and derogatory statement have contributed to a negative working environment and malcontent among their broncobuster employees. Despite national media attention and a petition signed by 419 residents, asking for the woman to be reinstated, the city council hasnt wavered on its decision. An attorney for the four women said that his clients were, legitimately questioning the conduct of their supervisor, and whether the female subordinate was getting preferential treatment. It almost cheapens it to call it gossip. It might have been idle, not particularly thoughtful, talk. still there was no harm intended.

Ethical Philosophies of Machiavelli and Subramanian Essay

unmatchable of the greatest comparisons of each time is to wrinkle Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince with V. K. Subramanians The Chanakya Kautilya. Critically, a look erect be regainingn into several different elements of each motives shed light on believe to outstrip comp atomic number 18 and crease them. To that end, a look will be taken at the semipolitical, accessible, and honorable philosophies of Machiavelli and Subramanian to determine how they differ and in which ways the philosophies are similar.Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince in the early 1500s as a way of adding his insight from what he had seen of politics and patrimonial principality neverthelessing though it was plagiarized during Machiavellis lifetimeand was never make by himmaking the text itself as still disputable (Machiavelli 11). While current versions of The Prince are attri thoed to him, this fact of plagiarism and publishing fraud make the work even more intriguing, given the subject matter itse lf.Of the work itself, Machiavelli said that I pour myself out as fully as I can in meditation on the subject, discussing what a principality is, what kinds on that point are, how they can be acquired, how they can be kept, wherefore they are lost and if any of the fancies ever pleased you, this ought not to displease you and to a prince, especially to a new one, it should be welcome (Machiavelli 11). Machiavelli dedicated the work itself to Lorenzo de Medici, even after he was put to excruciate by the family for treachery.Machiavellis methods are one of unique significance as he is writing, having been there, in the stocky of things. Essentially, The Prince is meant as a guidebook on how to rule in all princely matters for Lorenzo de Medici. Machiavelli wrote about how hereditary principalities worked, how to keep that inheritance, and even how a prince could gain a new principality, and how a prince should rule his nation and act, as a prince, and politically.While Machiavell i essentially confined his books to obtaining fortune, keeping and obtaining power, and chastity as a attracter, a look can be taken into his writings to discover the philosophies beneath his ideas. In comparison, V. K. Subramanians The Chanakya Kautilya was published in 1980 about and are translated from are translated from three works cognise as the Chankyasutras, the Chankyanitidarpan and the Arthshastra and are ground upon the time in history around 300 BC.The intro of Subramanians work notes that Chanakya, also known as Kautilya and Vishnugupta was the famous Indian Machiavelli who was responsible for the overthrow of the last ruler of the Nada Dynasty and the enthronement of Chandragupta Mauryathere is an interesting story about Chanakyas startle encounter with Chandragupta, which ultimately ended in their quislingism and capture of power (Subramanian 1).Subramanians work, then, is a direct reflection of Machiavellis own. What makes them similar, however, despite the men indoors the tales, is the philosophies shared between the two. Machiavellis political doctrine is perhaps the easiest to pinpoint as the very purport of his work revolved around the necessity of a prince to reign successfully. Machiavelli, actually, mainly focused on the political aspects of maintaining and gaining principalities.He notes that let any one now consider with what little difficulty the king could pass maintained his position in Italy had he observed the rules above laid round, and kept all his friends respectable and protected for although they were numerous they were both weak and timid, some afraid of the Churchand thus they would always affirm been postured to stand in with him, and by their means he could easily throw off made himself tell against those who remained powerful (30).Machiavelli is urging his prince to take note of the past and understand that had the king protected his weaker neighbors, he would throw off not only gained them as alliesbut a lso could hit gained them as part of his reign. And, at all costs, he should protect his allies as he would protect his own fine-tunes. Politically, being a stronger power, he would have been made into the loss draw, who they would be indebted to and would follow with more loyalty than any cash could purchase. And, to Machiavelli, the art of gaining allies and principalities, even de facto ones, was the art to be achieved.Even more so, Subramanians fourth adage entitled Advisors, Aides, Counselors, Ministers, notes that after equipping oneself fully, one should seek an ally (aide), one without an advisor has no conclusion of counsel, one wheel does not move (the vehicle), the true aide serves alike in prosperity and adversity, a self respecting ruler should appoint as counselor, one who is inferior to him, and respects himdeflection to the enemy takes agency due to negligence (22-25). In this, Subramanian agrees wholeheartedly with Machiavellis statements.To be a successful ruler, allies mustiness be taken and protected, first-class honours degree and foremost, before true rule can begin. The reason being, that with allies, a force become much stronger, incrementally, with each ally added. Furthermore, each ally must be protected and cared for to run into their cooperationbut with that cooperation comes an extended kingdom. Indeed, Machiavellis social philosophy can be found within his writings on obtaining fortune. Machiavelli writes that principalities are either hereditary, in which the family has been long established or they are new. much(prenominal) dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a prince, or to live in freedom and are acquired either by the arms of the prince himself, or of others, or else by fortune or by ability (21). Machiavelli is commenting, simply, that the way in which a prince gains land is two-fold either he inherits it or he fights for it. The manner in which the prince gains and obtains his land, howeve r, is what makes the prince either good by his people or hated. For Machiavelli, gaining the most principalities possible by virtuous means was the ideal result.And, as he instructed his prince, it was best to be good, socially, if any hopes of maintaining that principality are held. In fact, Machiavelli comments that, for example, Louis the Twelfth, King of France, quickly occupied Milan, and as quickly lost it and to turn him out the first time it only needed Lodovicos own forces because those who had opened the gates to him, finding themselves deceived in their hopes of hereafter benefit, would not endure the ill-treatment of the new prince (23).Moreover, it is very true that, after acquiring rebellious provinces a second time, they are not so lightly lost afterwards, because the prince, with little reluctance, takes the opportunity of the rebellion to retaliate the delinquents, to communicate out the suspects, and to strengthen himself in the weakest places (24). Thus, not o nly is it important for a prince to be clear in his occupation in a land, to become most beloved, he must first build up rid of the troublemakersthus leaving the peaceable, and willing to be occupied. If a prince does not take this step, he is left field in hostile territory with people willing to stage an overthrow.On contrast, Subramanian writes out a hardly a(prenominal) of the maxims of Chanakya, citing that economic prosperity creates prosperity for the people, if the people are prosperous, even a loss leaderless state can be governed, peoples fury is the greatest of furiesand to be without a outstrip is better than having an arrogant master (22). In this, the two authors cannot be more different from the other. Machiavelli believes that the first step of any prince should be to take a firm grasp upon his principalities, to conquer new ones, and to rout the dissenters by force before they can rally for an overthrow.Machiavelli believes that by getting rid of the rebellious people before they can act, a leader can sustain and mark his position within his land, taking charge before the people even really know that it has happened. Then, once all the rebellion has been stamped out, a leader can begin to make his land prosperous. However, Subramanian cites a very different kind of social philosophy, making note that a leader might as well not exist if he intends to be a tyrant to the people, that a people have more respect for a man intent on prosperity, first, and rebellion last.Because, in an attempt to rout the dissenters, a leader would make a dent on the value the people hold for himand thus their fury would remain. To really be a true leader and be beloved by his land, a leader must intend on affluence and prosperity as his bottom of the inning line. Finally, Machiavellis ethical and moral philosophy requires the most interpretation to highlight significantly. As Machiavelli writes about virtue in a leader, instructing a prince on how to act and be have, an ethical philosophy is formed.On contrast, Subramanians ethical philosophy stems from his ethical root words maxim that states righteousness is the root of happiness, wealth is the root of righteousness, the state of the root is wealth, victory over senses is the root of the state, humility is the root of sense control, idolise of elders is the root of humility, cognizance results from the worship of elders, with knowledge one can prosper, the prosperous one becomes the victorious oneand the victorious one obtains all the riches (21-22). Despite its cryptic fortune-cookie nature, Subramanians writings do indeed have a fine message on ethical philosophy, here.In explicating the words, Subramanian is saying that to be a good leader, on must first be righteous, but to be righteous, one must first have wealth, to have wealth, one must first have victory, to have victory, one must first have humility, to have humility, one must comprehend to their elders to obtain wisdom, an d with that wisdom a leader can prosper and be victorious in all they seek to achieve. The value here, is that Subramanian notes the significance of wisdom in all things. Without wisdom and following and heeding the elders who have come before, a leader stands no chance of being successful.Morally, a leader is obligated to his people to be triumphant so that the land can prosper, but without wisdom, a leader is nothing to his people but a tyrant. Subramanian says what Machiavelli does not. To Machiavelli, leading a people, by first disposing of the bad ones, is the best way for a prince to prosper in his lands. While he encourages his prince to be sound and wise, he first sends out the encouragement that the prince must always guard his assets, for fear of being overthrown or taken down by a greater force. To Machiavelli, obtaining land and prospering was, essentially, about war.To win that war, a prince had to be wise, and indeed, listen to his elders as well, but not in the ethica l sense. Machiavelli meant for the prince to watch out for himself, first and foremost, and then, once the land became prosperous, Machiavelli encouraged the prince to be good to his people so that they would love him and understand that they were prosperous because of him. To Machiavelli, the ethical philosophy came last, after oppression and protecting ones principalities. Overall, one of the greatest comparisons of all time is to contrast Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince with V. K.Subramanians The Chanakya Kautilya. Taking a look at several different elements of each authors work critically revealed a great level of significance as to their philosophies on politics, socially, and even ethically. Politically, Machiavelli and Subramanian follow the same philosophy, which intends a leader to find and protect allies first and foremost. As to social philosophy, however, the two authors cannot be more different. Machiavelli intends his prince to take charge and stamp out rebellion, wh ile Subramanian cites that prosperity and benignity should be shown towards the new land.And finally, ethically, the two authors also differ. Machiavelli is intent on a prince who focuses on war and conquering new lands, and in this way a leader can gain wisdom and insighthowever, to Subramanian, wisdom only comes by following ones elders. Morally, a leader is obligated to his people to be triumphant so that the land can prosper, but without wisdom, a leader is nothing to his people but a tyrant. Works Cited. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trns. W. K. Marriott. New York Plain Label Books, 1910. Subramanian, V. K. Maxims of Chanakya Kautilya. India Abhinav Publications, 1980.