Explore Stevensons presentation of evil in the novel ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ Essay

In Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, a respected doctor experiments with evil by drinking a potion to cast all of the good out of his body. This leads to many evil incidents taking place. Evil is causing pain or harm to others in a spiteful or malicious way. Victorian views of evil were closely related to religion and the way people looked. This was a safe and comforting opinion for the Victorians because they could imprison these people and could keep away from people that they thought were evil as it could be easily identified. Stevenson shows his view of evil using many different techniques mainly through characters but also through setting imagery and language. Stevenson was influenced by many different circumstances during his life. Stevenson’s childhood was a fearful one with a strict religious upbringing constantly focusing on Hell. He was very ill and therefore spent a lot of time in bed thinking about Hell. He was always alone and isolated as he was an only child so he could not discuss his feelings with anyone. This is closely linked to Jekyll not telling anyone about his double life and split personality. In university he led a double life, his life that his parents believed he led a strict and respected one compared to a hidden life of a poor, strange, evil boy. He was a lot like Edinburgh as it was in two parts. The old, dark, dangerous side and the modern, neat, respected side. This links with the novel because Jekyll is a neat and respected man whereas Hyde is an evil and dirty man. Two men called Burke and Hare influenced Stevenson. In the late 1820’s, they killed random people by smothering them and then gave the corpses the doctors at the university to publicly dissect and experiment on. They were given money for the corpses and the fresher the corpse the more money they received. Burke and Hare were later found out and publicly hung and dissected. Their skeletons were given to a museum and their skin was made into personal pocket books. This influenced Stevenson because people at this time were fascinated and Burke and Hare were like a real life Jekyll and Hyde character with a split personality. Darwin who introduced the theory of evolution also influenced him. This relates to the Hyde character that had not yet evolved from the ape like creature. After he had written the book Jack the Ripper helped its popularity because no one knew who he was and why he killed prostitutes in the brutal way he did. Many people thought his acts were evil and read the novel to try to find out why he was so wicked. Stevenson uses characters as his main presentation of evil. Jekyll and Hyde are the two major characters that show evil. Jekyll is shown as evil because he initially wants to change into Hyde and become purely evil. Also when he is Hyde he likes it ‘I felt younger, lighter, happier in body’ the list of three is very effective as they link and it gets better down the line. The use of ‘lighter’ shows us he has lost all his worries and has gained freedom and is therefore a lot happier. Jekyll gets very angry when Utterson asks him about Hyde ‘ this is a private matter and I beg of you to let it sleep’ this shows us he is deceitful and feels guilty as he does not want to talk about it. When Hyde does anything wrong Jekyll does not take any responsibility this is shown by the use of the pronoun ‘he’, ‘him’, or ‘his’. This shows us does not think of himself as evil because he is a respected doctor and everyone else thinks good of him. Stevenson describes Jekyll as ‘ a large, well-made, smoothed faced man of fifty, with something of a slyish cast’ this shows us that he is perceived as suspicious. Jekyll told himself that he would never turn into Hyde again but he kept Hyde’s house in Soho and all of his clothes. This proves that he was evil because he even lied to himself about what he would and would not do. Stevenson shows evil through Jekyll very effectively because people would worry that all doctors may be evil and he challenged Victorians beliefs. Hyde is the other major character that Stevenson shows evil through very effectively. One main incident where Hyde was evil was when he walked straight over a child. Stevenson wrote ‘ trampled calmly over the child’s body’ he used the word ‘calmly’, which shows Hyde has no emotion. ‘Trampled’ shows us he is fast, heavy footed and violent. The fact that it was a ‘child’ makes us very angry and sympathetic, as the girl is innocent, vulnerable and more delicate. Stevenson wrote ‘left her screaming on the ground’ this shows us that the girl was screaming in pain and he still did not care. The incident took place at ‘three o’clock of a black winter morning’ this makes it sound very eerie and makes us think that Hyde is being secretive because it is dark and any crimes he has committed can be hidden. The girl was described as ‘8 or 10 who was running as hard as she was able. This tells us that she was running to get some help for someone, as she was a nice caring person. This is a contrast to Hyde who is a horrible person out in the streets committing crimes. When a doctor came to see the child and asks what happened he ‘turns sick and white with a desire to kill him’ this shows us that the doctor was very angry as he wants to kill someone when his life ambition is to save peoples lives. Also doctors see horrible things every day but when Hyde tramples over a girl, it makes him ill. This is a contrast with Hyde who shows no emotion at all. Another example where Hyde was evil was his meeting with Utterson. Hyde ‘ shrank back with a hissing intake of breath’. ‘Shrank back’ shows us he is scared and does not want to talk to anyone. ‘Hissing’ compares him to an animal, which can be perceived as evil and again like an animal is warning Utterson to keep away. In addition, as Hyde is like an animal he has no conscience and is instinctive. After Utterson had commented on his bad language Hyde ‘snarled aloud into a savage laugh’. ‘laugh’ tells us he is rebellious and childlike. ‘savage’ shows us again that he is untamed and uncivilised. Much like an animal, he is unpredictable and worries the reader. ‘snarled’ again links to him being animal like and has not yet evolved from the ape like form. The last incident where Hyde is evil is the Carew murder. this is the most evil thing Hyde does because he brutally murders an innocent man. ‘Hailing down a storm of blows under which the bones where audibly shattered’ this tells us that he was hit with so much force that a woman in her house could hear each bone break. This was a very brutal murder a crime that was so evil that it makes Hyde even more so. The weather imagery is used to show power ‘hailing’. The ‘body jumped upon the railway’ this shows how much extreme force was used Hyde is again even more evil now as Carew was defenceless as he was dead and yet Hyde continued to beat him. The readers have sympathy for Carew ‘ aged and beautiful gentleman with white hair’ because Hyde killed a man that was so innocent unlike himself. Stevenson uses the two main characters Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde to show evil very effectively and in a clear way for the reader as Jekyll denies his involvement with Hyde and Hyde himself commits terrible crimes, is very rude, and has no conscience. Another way Stevenson shows us evil is through his minor characters. Firstly Lanyon who after being asked if he would like the watch the transformation replied ‘ I have gone to far in the way of inexplicable services to pause before I see the end’ . This shows us he was evil because he wanted to see that transformation and see what happens. Also, the use of ‘inexplicable services’ makes the reader wonder what other evil tasks he has taken part in. Utterson is also evil because he ‘sprang up and grew aspace curiosity to behold the features of the real Hyde’. ‘sprang up and grew’ shows us that his curiosity is uncontrollable. He is also interested in seeing what a real evil person may look like , he seemed too curious just to be concerned for a friend and just wants to find out about evil for himself. In addition, the police officer could be perceived as evil as he was more interested in the prospect of promotion than trying to help the community. ‘ The next moment his eye lighted up with professional ambition’ he does not care about anyone but himself. The use of ‘lighted up’ is imagery of a fire that is uncontrollable, like evil urges. The last evil minor character is the maid who cares for Hyde’s house in Soho she knows that something is not right but she does not tell anyone about her suspicion. ‘ as housekeeper a creature whom I well knew to be silent and unscrupulous’ this shows us evil in Jekyll because he wanted a housekeeper that was dishonest and unprincipled. ‘ she had an evil face , smoothed by hypocrisy’ this shows us she was hiding her evil side by the way she looked. ‘But her manners were excellent’ this shows us that Stevenson believed you could change the way you acted and looked to disguise evil. Stevenson used minor characters to portray his opinion that everyone had evil in them. He wanted to frighten the reader and challenge Victorian views. The setting is another way that Stevenson shows us evil. Many of the evil incidents that took place happened in dark of the night. This links to the secrecy of Hyde and how he does not want to communicate with anybody or be seen. There are two doors the one for Hyde to enter through and the one for Jekyll to enter through. The rear entrance was described as ‘ a blind forehead of discoloured wall on the upper the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence’ this is symbolism for Hyde as he does not look after himself or care what he looks like. ‘neither bell nor knocker’ tells us he does not want to communicate with anyone. Hyde’s entrance is at the back of the house because he must be hidden. ‘sinister block of a building’ is also symbolism as he is an evil man. Jekyll’s front entrance is described as an ‘ancient handsome house’ this symbolises Jekyll as he is a respected man in the community so has a house to represent h is. In conclusion, Stevenson presents his view of evil in many ways mainly through the major and minor characters but also through language setting and imagery. Stevenson has many messages about evil he believes that everyone has evil in them and if this evil is brought out and used more that good you will become evil forever this is shown through Jekyll when he starts to involuntarily change into Hyde. he is also criticising Victorian society and challenging Victorians perceptions, which oppresses evil. He takes out his anger on doctors because when he was younger he was very ill and doctors could not help him. Stevenson is very effective in showing his opinion because he uses very strong language and opinions which appealed to the Victorian society and for some people appeal to their evil side today. It is quite relevant to the current world because there are Jekyll and Hyde characters in modern day society for example Dr shipman who killed between fifty and sixty people even though he is a doctor and is meant to save people lives not end them.

Disguise Is Often Presented as a Cruel and Painful Practice. to What Extent Do You Agree That Disguise Is Used to Create Comic Moments in Twelfth Night?

Disguise is often presented as a cruel and painful practice. To what extent do you agree that disguise is used to create comic moments in twelfth night? Shakespeare incorporates the technique of disguise in the twelfth night to create comedic elements in the play; however some may argue that the concept of disguise is often cruel as it creates confusion and misconceptions that could lead to serious consequences. In Shakespearian times the role of women was restricted to usually their own homes and this was the case on the stage in Shakespeare’s plays.All of the actors were men even in the women roles. This could be one of the first techniques of disguise that Shakespeare used that could portray comedy as a man in a feminine role is comedic however, it also puts across confusion especially in plays like the twelfth night where characters like Viola plays a role as a male persona. Viola is the main and obvious element of disguise in the twelfth night. She creates the comic aspec t of the play as dramatic irony is depicted because none of the characters know that Cesario, the person who she has created through her disguise, is really a woman.Her character creates a sort of love triangle between her, Olivia and Orsino but she can reveal nothing in fear of exposing her identity, â€Å"whoe’er I woo, myself would be his wife† (Act 1 Scene 4). The cruel and painful practice is uncovered through this as Olivia doesn’t know that the person she is falling for is in fact a women and Viola can do nothing to let her know this, leading Olivia on into something that can’t happen. This is also the case with Viola as she can’t proclaim her love for Orsino.Shakespeare creates torment mainly in the mind of Viola as the fate is ultimately in her hands but the disguise has restricted her. The constraint of her identity is a problem or arguably the comedic side of the twelfth night. In act 3 scene 4 Sir Toby create a duel between Sir Andrew a nd Viola against both their wills, â€Å"Sir Andrew and Viola draw their swords†. The disguise has gone against her as all the on looking characters believe that Sir Andrew is fighting a man when it is actually a woman which no one would consider fair, another example of where the hidden identity leads to a cruel practice.The idea of Viola dressing up as a man in the first place could also be considered a cruel practice as it shows that she is aware that her being a women she may be disregarded socially which is why she takes on the disguise in the first place, this highlights the patriarchal society in Shakespearian times that reflects on the play. Malvolio is another character who takes on some sort of disguise in the hope of pleasing the supposed wishes of his lady Olivia, â€Å"I thank my stars, I am happy!I will be strange, stout, in yellow stockings, and cross gartered, even with the swiftness of putting on. Jove and my stars be praised! † (Act 2 Scene 5). Maria, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Feste all trick Malvolio into wearing the clothes that lady Olivia hates and Malvolio being naive and arrogant falls for this. The outcome was meant to be comedic for Maria and her friends and the audience also share the laughs simply because of foolishness of Malvolio and the new dress sense he takes.The way in which this comedy came about however, came from a very malicious plan orchestrated by Maria as the idea of trickery was involved which caused Malvolio to believe that Lady Olivia loves him. The audience who also share the comedy can’t help but feel some sort of remorse for Malvolio. Malvolio putting on the cross gartered yellow socks lead him to being put away in the so called prison. Feste takes the role of Sir Topas the priest in order to trick Malvolio into thinking that he has gone insane, â€Å"Sir Topas the curate, who comes to visit Malvolio the lunatic† (Act 4 Scene 2).The room in which Malvolio is locked into is dark so he cou ldn’t see if it were actually Sir Topas even though we know it isn’t. Feste didn’t have to take the disguise of Sir Topas but rather just sound like him, this shows the effect of a disguise as he chooses to dress like the priest to possibly get into character to portray the character more clearly. This is very cruel as Feste uses trickery and confusion to show Malvolio to be something he’s not and also make him believe that a Priest is consulting him.Ultimately the technique of disguise is often used to create a hidden identity and confusion between characters, Shakespeare however, uses this technique to create comic elements as well. As brought up before we find that the sexual confusion love triangle between Olivia, Orsino and the Viola/Cesario character creates comedy. Olivia as we know falls for Cesario who’s a women, but we also find that Orsino may be attracted to Cesario in a way, in plain terms this is acceptable as she’s a women but he addresses her as a male which raises the question of what Shakespeare is trying to outline.This is shown â€Å"That say thou art a man: Diana's lip Is not more smooth and rubious; thy small pipe Is as the maiden's organ, shrill and sound, And all is semblative a woman's part† (Act 1 Scene 4). Shakespeare may be trying to achieve something more than comedy by saying that disguise may bring out other elements. The other aspect of comedy was explored when Malvolio was tricked by the letter into wearing the disguise which consequently caused the imprisonment of him, which could then be argued is a painful practice.The disguise of Viola also causes the cruel treating of Antonio as he claims to have been with Viola/Cesario for 3 months and that they were together when they came to the town and Orsino and Viola clearly know that she has been working with Orsino, the confusion between Viola and Sebastian because of the disguise is evident; â€Å"Today, my lord and for three mont hs before no int’rim, not a minute’s vacancy, both day and night did we keep company† (Act 5 Scene 1).When all disguises from Viola’s to Feste’s and the reason behind Malvolio’s disguise is all revealed Shakespeare once again brings order after all had gone astray. There is no comic factor when all is exposed but there is in fact a sense of sorrow for Malvolio as everyone is happy apart from him. This could show that there is no positives in disguise and eventually it will lead to a cruel ending in this case Malvolio suffered the consequences.

Compound Interest and Cellphone User

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Find the number of students actually admitted this year. 4. a) Solve th e system of equations: b) If you graph both of these lines, what does the answer you found represent? c) Graph both lines and verify your answer graphically. . The following equations represent lines that are a) parallel b) intersecting c) are the same line. Circle the correct answer. 3x-6y = 7 9x-18y=20 6. It turns out that $1 CAN is worth 0. 63 euros. When I go to Europe and get ready to return to Canada, I have 500 Euros left, which I exchange. The person cannot give me change and always rounds down to the nearest Canadian dollar, in order to make a profit. How many Canadian dollars do I get back? How much profit does she make? 7. Solve for x: 8. The following chart represents a survey done on cellphone use as shown. Cellphone| No Cellphone| Total| Under 25| 600| 100| | 25 or over| 260| 320| | Total| | | | If a person is selected at random from those polled, determine the probability that: a) a cellphone user is selected b) a person under 25 is selected c) a person under 25 and a cellphone user is selected d) a person over 25 or a cellphone user is selected e) the person is over 25, given that (s)he is not a cellphone user If two people are selected from those polled, determine the probability that: f) they are both cellphone users g) at least one of them is a cellphone user ) at least one of them is 25 or over, given that they are both cellphone users 9. In a game of Subtract, two dice are rolled and the smaller number is always subtracted from the larger number. Put all the possible results on the chart shown below: Result| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 1| | | | | | | 2| | | | | | | 3| | | | | | | 4| | | | | | | 5| | | | | | | 6| | | | | | | Determine the probability that: a) a score of 4 is rolled b) a score is greater than or equal to zero c) a score is greater than 5 d) a score is less than or equal to 4 e) a score is less than 2, given that one die shows a 3. ) The most likely score is rolled 10. Tel stock has gone up by 2%, up 15% and down 17% over the past thre e years. If the stock was originally valued at $10 per share, shown that the price has changed overall, even though the decreases and increases add up to 0% overall. Find the % increase or decrease over the three year period. 11. Forty percent of all car accidents involve alcohol. 80% of all drivers are over 25. Sixty percent of all accidents involving drivers age 25 or younger involve alcohol. An accident occurs. Find: a) the probability that a driver consumed alcohol and is over 25. ) the probability that a driver is over 25 given that he/she has consumed alcohol. c) the probability that she/he is 25 or younger and has not consumed alcohol. 12. Let t represent the number of years I have owned a car. Let y represent the value of the car. Assume a linear model applies. (see table below) a) Find the slope and explain what it represents b) Find the equation of the line c) Find the y intercept and explain what it means d) Fill in the missing values in the table. e) A second car I own h as the formula y=-3000t + 29 910. When will the cars I own have the same value? t | y| 1| | 3| 20000| | 12365| | 7275| 13. A stock increases 6% annually each year for 8 years and is worth $80 per share at the end of that period of time. Find the original value when you purchased the stock if: a) the interest was calculated on the basis of simple interest. b) the interest was calculated based on compound interest. 14. A company claims that they can double their money in one year less if the interest rate is 10% per annum compounded daily versus 9% per annum compounded annually. Verify or dispute this claim showing your calculations. Answers: 1. 63 vans 2. a) CFO=5650 shares, CEO=7345 b) 8. 84 3. 1800 4. ) (2,-3) b) pt of intersection c) not shown 5. Parallel (same slope, different y intercept) 6. $793 (she makes 65 cents profit) 7. x=27 8 a) 43/64 b) 35/64 c) 15/32 d) 59/64 e) 16/21 f) 45. 1% g) 89. 25% h) 51. 35% 9. a) 1/9 b) 1 c) 0 d) 1/18 e) 5/11 f) 5/16 10. Lost 26 cents overall, 2. 6% 11. a) 28% b) 70% c) 8% 12. a) slope =-2545 means the car loses $2545 in value each year I own the car b) y=-2545t+27635 c) $27635= original price of car d)(1,25090), (8,7275) e) after 5 years, they are worth the same 13. a) $54. 05 b) $50. 19 14. It is true. In fact, it takes 1 year 39 days less time.

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Health care reform (Obama care) - Research Paper Example The clique â€Å"Obama care† as mostly known among Americans arises from the facts that it is an idea developed and strongly advocated for by President Barrack Obama and his Democratic Party. Even though it logically appears as a social issue, Obama care has turned into a hotly contested political issue considering the strong opposition towards implementation by the Republicans. As much as the plan seems to be good for Americans, many issues have arisen especially from the opponents that are worth regarding for they have direct effects on the typical Americans. The controversies about the Health Care for American plan otherwise Obama care has seen development of fierce debate contested by the supporters mainly aligned to Democratic Party and opponents mainly aligned to Republican Party. Supporters of the plan argue that the law has good intentions for the general public as it will ensure that all individuals have access to affordable and fair cost of health care with disregard to individuals’ status. Supporters further demonstrate that the plan will ensure that every individual employee has the right to decide on the insurance company to provide cover without compulsion by the potential employer. Moreover, supporters of the plan argue that the law is so fair to an extent of restricting health care providers from manipulating costs of health care on basis of patients’ background of life status, gender or disability. Turner demonstrates that under the law, public servants, businesspersons, middle class and virtually all Americans will be able to buy certain drugs at fair prices. Additionally, the Health Care for American plan promises tax credits to small business employers who offer private health care coverage to their employees. Opponents of the Health Care for American plan also have very serious allegations worth to considering as far the Obama care debate is concerned. To begin with, business people who also employ certain segment of Am ericans cry about the heavy burden that the Obama plan will weigh on them. Businesspersons seem not to believe that the tax credits promised in the plan will help them reduce the possible expenditures they may bear once implementation of the plan gets underway (Huffman). In fact, most of the business persons who fear the impact of the law on their profits have begun to layoff sections of their employees to ensure that they only bear small burden when the plan gets into effect. The perceived layoffs have unbearable impact of leaving large number of Americans unemployed. This in turn translates to deteriorating living standards for American people. In addition, layoffs that mean reduction of employees have complimentary effect of lowering production activities of businesses since the remaining employees cannot satisfactorily perform the duties of the sacked workers. Certain divide of the opponents of the Obama Care health plan, argues that it will put unbearable and undue pressure on the middle class earners who will have to pay more taxes that will spread to cover the low income and poor Americans. Moreover, opponents of the plan demonstrate that the contained clause mandates the federal government to oversee implementation process across all states is unfair. This is because every state has its own budget and unique living standards and GDP. To ensure fairness, opponents of the

British Airways strategic management Case Study

British Airways strategic management - Case Study Example and Stahl, M.J. (1997, p. 2) that managers of organizations need to anticipate and adapt to change by keeping in touch with the external environment of the organization. The present chapter is focused on British Airways which is one of the world's favourite airlines as it carries more international passengers to more destinations than any other air carriers (Haberberg, A and Rieple, A, 2008:458). Since its establishment in the year 1919, the British Airways has come a long way to be one of the reputed airlines in the world and continuously returning profits at the end of financial years, which most of its competitors are unable to do so. The secret for the success of British airways is attributed to its strategic management decisions (Cole, G.A., 2003:191) and hence the present research is undertaken to study the process of planning, development and implementation of management strategies in order to know the actual success factors like management, human resource, finance, marketing and communication. The British Airways' forerunner company Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited (AT&T) launched the world's first daily international scheduled air service between London and Paris, way back on 25th August, 1919 (www.britishairways.com). Presently it is the world's largest international airline and has global flight network through USAir, Qantas, and TAT European Airlines serving 95 million passengers a year using 441 airports in 86 countries and more than 1000 planes. (www.fundinguniverse.com) British Airways Ltd came into existence with the merger of many smaller airlines to form Imperial Airlines which was later nationalized into the present original form. (www.bizcovering.com) Cole A.G. (2003, p.192) states that the company has been able to achieve considerable rate of success all these years just because of its effective strategic management decisions including maintaining a sustained marketing campaign, focusing on the requirements and preferences of business customers which res ulted into development of brands like Concorde, First Class, etc; focusing on the needs of private passengers and tourists, marketing the excellent reputation of the company's safety and engineering aspect, providing effective customer service through the use of information technology, promoting an extensive programme of staff training ensuring the efficiency, productivity and awareness of the employees. The company adopted a strategy of alliance and mergers which was advantageous to provide service to more

Trademark laws in the United Arab Emirates Research Paper

Trademark laws in the United Arab Emirates - Research Paper Example The symbol trademark of this company that indentifies its products is swoosh, which is a trademark that ranks as one of the best, among the most recognized and popular logo in the world. The symbol of trademark was designed in 1972, after the owner of the company, which was then known as the Blue Ribbon Sports, required a symbol that would effectively indentify his products, and thus serve to allow him more of inventory control. Thus, the symbol was designed to represent one of the wings of the Greek goddess of victory, called the Nike. This goddess served as a great inspiration to the ancient Greek warriors, granting them courage and strength to gain victory in the battles (Coleman, 19). Thus, this symbol was designed to represent the products of this company, signifying winning, achievement, as well as excellence (Smith, 6). This did tally very well with the image that the ancient Greek Goddess Nike was associated with; commonly having the then Greek warriors, believe and attest to the fact that when they went to a war and won, then they said it is Nike. Thus, swoosh, previously referred, as the stripe became a symbol of victory, which is evident of the company’s brand worldwide. The owner desired a symbol that would show an element of movement, which is represented by swoosh, a symbol of progressive growth and achievement (Coleman, 22). The symbol was registered in 1995 as the trademark for the Nike Inc., and, is solely responsible for the successful brand identification and success. The rules governing Nike and its use of swoosh trademark applies inform of regulations, that restricts any use of its trade name or the logo for any commercial purpose, other than for placing an order or purchase of the Nike products. Under the copyright regulation rules of this company, anybody is prohibited from modifying, copying, or reproducing the company’s trade name or logo to represent any other product that is not a brand of this company (Smith, 7). Anothe r of the regulation guiding the company’s use of the logo and its trade name is the fact that the company has issued a warning that any order placed with the company can be cancelled at any point. This can happen even after the order has been confirmed, should such an order placement be deemed inappropriate or as an attempt to tamper with the trademark rights of the company (Coleman, 25). An indemnification is issuable to the buyer whose order has been cancelled. The trademark laws in the UAE do not just protect the logo or the trade name. They are attached to the product or services the trademark represents (Ashour, 10). Some example of trademark laws include such laws as prohibits any mark that violates public morals. Symbols of a pure religious nature are also prohibited from being applied as trademarks (Smith, 8). Such laws are relevant and appropriate to preserve the morals of the society, while avoiding confusion with marks of religious entities. However, the restrictio n on the registration of a translation of a previous trademark should be removed, to allow for the improvements of logos and trademarks by commercial entities. Any infringement of the rights of the com

Economics by Boyd and Smith Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics by Boyd and Smith - Assignment Example According to the paper a store of value such that it holds its own value over a longer duration of time, although it does not elevate money so superior because there are other stores of value such as land. However, it is a portable store of value that is available in various convenient denominations, and lastly, it is a unit of account that provides a common measure for the value of commodities and services in exchange, which enables buyers and sellers to know how much of the goods to sell or purchase. Â  Federal eserve controls the money supply by : Setting the reserve requirement for banks, through buying and selling treasury bills and notes and by moderating the supply of money through lowering or raising the interest rates which are passed to the banks and finally to the consumers. This discussion outlines that the assumption of constant velocity implies that if an assumption is additional, the money velocity is constant, and then the equation yields a fundamental theory of the money effects known as the money’s quantity theory useful in determining the nominal GDP. Raising the inflation from 6 to 8 percent will mean that the currencys interest rate catches up with the higher inflation rising by 6 points a year from their original value leaving the real return on that currency unchanged. Fiscal and Monetary policies play a role in causing ending hyperinflations, usually done by the central bank or the government to ensure the control of flow of money, and; therefore, minimizing both the exchange rates and the government’s expenditure. The interest rate that is nominal is the stated rate of return on a financial asset e.g. the interest rate that a bank pays on deposition certificate while the real interest rate is the rate, which is nominal on ret urn and one adjusted for inflation.

National Westminster Bank Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Westminster Bank - Case Study Example NatWest could have also responded swiftly and effectively as rivals such Barclays and Lloyds TBS had done so with the sweeping changes brought about by Internet-enabled financial transactions to the banking industry. By the 1990s, NatWest's traditional bank branch practices such as mortgage and savings faced stiff competition from new comers such as Egg and Virgin, upstart retailers and supermarket banks which rode the wave of the financial services revolution. The globalization of financial transactions has also partly driven the mergers in the banking industry - making big domestic banks such as NatWest unable to compete in the new financial landscape. By the time NatWest made its ill-fated foray into bancassurance (an untested recipe in the U.K.) via a bid for the insurance and investment firm Legal and General in early September 1999, the market has made a clear judgment that the bank didn't cut the investors' approval of its management. The steep fall in NatWest's stock thereaft er only revealed its vulnerability for a takeover. Right until the very end when RBS has won the bid against the BS in February 2000, NatWest refused to give in, insisting that a takeover would not add value to shareholders and would put the much smaller bank in danger of overstretching its finances.

Jim Crow Essay Example for Free

Jim Crow Essay C. Vann Woodward’s book The Strange Career of Jim Crow is a close look at the struggles of the African American community from the time of Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Movement. The book portrays a scene where the Negroes are now free men after being slaves on the plantations and their adaptation to life as being seen as free yet inferior to the White race and their hundred year struggle of becoming equals in a community where they have always been seen as second class citizens. To really understand the motivation of C. Vann Woodward’s motives of his book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, one must look at Mr.  Woodward’s life. Comer Vann Woodward was born and raised in Vanndale, AK in Cross County on November 13, 1908. The town was named after his mother’s aristocratic family. He attended Henderson- Brown College in Arkadelphia, AK for two years before transferring to Emory University in Atlanta, GA in 1930, where he graduated. He received his PHD in history at the University of North Carolina and after he took graduate classes at Columbia University where he was introduced and influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946-61 and at Yale University from 1961-67. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chestnut’s Civil War and won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South*. It was when he was teaching at Johns Hopkins when he wrote the book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. It was during the court ruling of Brown vs Board of Education in 1954 that Woodward started his lectures, which lead to his book, at the University of Virginia. His audience was more or less surprised about the race relations of the old south during reconstruction; most thought that the two races have always been separated with hatred. Woodward argues that the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s were a new concept of separating the two races. Throughout slavery and during the reconstruction period, the two races were fully integrated working on economics and political problems; the separation of the two races would lead to an insufficient and ineffective plantation. â€Å"The typical dwelling of a slave-owning family was a walled compound shared by both master and slave families. Neither non-slaveholding whites nor free Negroes escaped this ntimacy, for they were ‘sprinkled through most parts of town and surrounded by people of both races’† (14). The same relations remained true during the Reconstruction era when the blacks started to urbanize in the south. Woodward goes on to say that the â€Å"blacks and whites lived side by side, sharing the same premises if not equal facilities and living constantly in each other’s presence† (14). The good relations of the south turned sour when conflicts between the whites over economic troubles heightened in the late 1870s. the determination of the Negro’s ‘place’ took shape gradually under the influence of economic and political conflicts among divided white people- conflicts that were eventually resolved in part at the expense of the Negro† (6). The Negro at the time became the scapegoat for all of America’s economic strife. Many thought it best if they separated themselves from the Negro then all would be better. Hence the Jim Crow laws started to form on the segregation of the two races and then court cases followed in suit, aka Plessy vs Ferguson in 1896 which ruled â€Å"separate but equal†. Ironically the south is known for the most racism but most cities were reluctant in to enforce legal separation of the races. In New Orleans, whites and blacks gathered freely at public events and even many had sexual relations with one another resulting in an influx of mulattos in that area (15-16). Racism did in fact take place in mostly rural areas. â€Å"An excessive squeamishness or fussiness about contact with Negroes was commonly identified as a lower class white attitude, while opposite attitude was popularly identified with ‘the quality’ (50). It was within these rural lower classes that extreme racism was formed involving white supremacy groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. As political parties started to shift in the mid 1880s, more conservative Democrats took the scene and strictly enforced the laws of segregation. The Republicans were the ones in support of more tolerant and equal society. The mentality of if one thing is separate then they all have to be took precedent during this time. With the shift of political parties, the segregation of the blacks from the whites heightened and the individual rights a Negro had were limited. Blacks were discouraged to vote and separation of the two races became almost total with separate modes of transportation to separate drinking fountains. After the Progressive era and the New Deal, integration was a thought in higher education. Colleges started to let Negro students attend white universities because the separation of the races at school was infringing on their fourteenth amendment rights (144). Even though theses students did not attend the university for all four years, it was progress that helped lead up to the 1954 case of Brown vs Board of Education. The school boards argued that â€Å"’Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect on colored children’, for it ‘generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone’† (147). The ruling of integration of public schools was monumental for the blacks at that time. After trying to fight racism and limitations of their individual rights, the blacks could finally be more equal then they had been in the eyes of the law. When Woodward presented his lectures at the University of Virginia, which subsequently led to his book, it was right after the ruling of Brown vs Board of Education. He insisted that his audience would be integrated as well so he spoke to not only students, faculty and dignitary of the university but he also spoke to local blacks and whites of the community. His lectures received mix reviews; some older, more conservative members of the university were shocked and appalled by Woodward’s comments of pro-integration, while others were intrigued. For them, the white Southern professor’s message was a challenge to the assumption that race relations had been immutably fixed over the course of Southern history† (224). Woodward also argued that the south was always changing and something that limited the rights of blacks in the 1890s was to turn around in the 1950s to something better. When The Strange Career of Jim Crow was released nationally, America did not agree with Woodward’s idea that it was time for a change, â€Å"segregation was ore firmly embraced than ever† (225). Whites did not approve of the ruling of the integration of schools so they protested and sometimes rioted when the government tried to integrate some of the schools. States such as Georgia put the confederate flag back on their state flag in defiance of the new laws (225). Blacks protested in comparison. After the arrest of Rosa Parks not wanting to give up her seat to a white man, the Civil Rights Movement launched its campaign of civil and equal liberties lead by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. When this book was originally published in 1955, Rev King called it â€Å"the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement†. I believe that the main reason behind King’s statement was that the movement was on the front page of every newspaper for over a decade that when the book did come out, Woodward looked at the struggle of the Negro in a historical sense and not putting blame on a specific race, but on certain decisions some legislators made that forced America to head in the direction of segregation. Woodward presented a historical and non threatening story which gave reason to the Civil Rights Movement. The blacks liked it because it showed the persecution they had to endure for so long and the perseverance they maintained throughout that time and the whites bought the book because it helped explain what was going on at that moment in time. No doubt that this book is an important historical document that helped a nation through one if its more difficult times in history.

A Study Of Indian Space Technology Environmental Sciences Essay

A Study Of Indian Space Technology Environmental Sciences Essay India has an impressive array of achievements in the development of space technology for various applications. From a humble beginning with a small RH 75 rocket in the sixties to the successful launch of PSLV-D2 with 804 kg IRS-P2 in October, 1994, the Indian space programme has made remarkable progress through a well integrated, self-reliant programme. Eight Indian satellites are now in various stages of operation in the space. These are INSAT-1D, INSAT-2A, INSAT-2B, INSAT-2C, SROSS-C2, IRS-1B, IRS-P2 and IRS-1C. IRS-P3 when launched during 1996 will be the ninth satellite in the series. 1995 was an eventful year for the Department of Space. INSAT-2C was successfully launched on December 7, 1995. It has got Ku-band and more powerful transponders to provide mobile satellite services and business communication. The launch of IRS-1C from Russia on December 28 was also successful. It has many advanced features providing better spatial resolution, additional special bands, stereoscopic imaging, wide field coverage and more frequent revisit capabilities. Indias position in world space programmes has gone up after the establishment of United Nations Asia Pacific Regional Centre for Space Education in India. The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was formed by the Department of Atomic Energy in 1962 . The same year the work on establishing Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) was started. While the year 1965 saw the establishment of Space Science And Technology Centre, Thumba, the Satellite Telecommunication Centre was set up at Ahmedabad in 1967 . The first sounding rocket was launched from TERLS on November 21, 1963. The TERLS was dedicated to the United Nations on February 2, 1968 . The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was formed under Department Of Atomic Energy on August 15, 1969. The Government of India set up the Space Commission and the Department of Space (DOS) in 1972. In the seventies Indian Space Programme was formally organised in a self-reliant manner. Now the scope of space programme ranges from development of Space Launch Systems, sophisticated satellites, their operation in the orbit, to the conducting of extensive application-oriented research and execution of different missions. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) plays a key role in the planning and execution of National Space activities. MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS The Indian space programme, having the objective of providing space-based services to the nation in a self-reliant manner, crossed an important milestone when the 283 tonne, 44 metre tall, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-D2), launched on October 15, 1994, successfully accomplished its mission by placing the 804 kg Indian remote sensing satellite, IRS-P2, in the intended polar sun-synchronous orbit. India has, thus, joined the exclusive group of just six nations in the world to achieve this multi-disciplinary, technologically complex feat. Even as PSLV-D2 unequivocally demonstrated Indias capability to launch indigenously built remote sensing satellites from within the country, the mission has also proved, in flight, a number of systems which will be employed in the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), thus, bringing the country closer to achieve the capability for launching INSAT class of communication satellites as well. During 1995 the INSAT-2C and IRS-1C have been launched successfully and commissioned in orbit . The next development flight of the vehicle PSLV-D3 is scheduled in 1996. The fourth developmental flight of the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV-D4) successfully achieved its mission on May 4, 1994 by placing the 113 kg SROSS-C2 scientific satellite in a near-earth orbit. With this success, all the objectives of ASLV project, including proving, in flight, a number of complex vehicle systems employed for PSLV and GSLV, have been fully realised. Considerable progress has also been made in the development of GSLV with a number of advanced technologies having been qualified and fabrication of most of the vehicle hardware initiated. The successful development and qualification of the silicon phenolic throat for the GSLV liquid propellant engine is another significant achievement. The L-40 liquid propulsion stage of GSLV is now getting ready for qualification . SCOPE OF SPACE PROGRAMMES Space programme continues to support space science research in the country. The National Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere Radar Facility (NMRF) near Tirupati, has been fully operationalised with the commissioning of the remaining part of the antenna array and associated transmitters for measurements in the Mesospheric region. It is a versatile facility for the atmospheric scientists. Sounding rockets and balloon flights continue to be undertaken for several space science experiments. The detection of a few Gamma-ray bursts by SROSS-C satellite has given further fillip to such experiments. Space Science research encompasses a wide spectrum of activities including study of cosmic rays, astronomical investigation using space and ground-based systems, study of meteorites and lunar samples and physical observations of sun. Another major branch of activity relates to the study of earths atmospheric system through rockets, balloons and orbiting space systems. REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS The remote sensing applications using IRS have proliferated into almost every facet of national development. The data is now used regularly for agricultural crop acreage and yield estimation, drought monitoring and assessment, flood mapping, land use and land cover mapping, wasteland management, water resources management, ocean/marine resources survey and management, mineral prospecting, forest resources survey and management, etc. We have surpassed many developed nations in putting into use the satellite based remote sensing data. For example, IRS data is used for pre-harvest acreage and production estimation of all major Indian crops like wheat, rice and sorghum. Estimates of production of cotton, oil seeds, mulberry, etc. are also made using satellite data. The data from IRS satellites is used for soil mapping, grassland mapping, forest survey, land use/land cover mapping, locating underground water resources, estimation of snow cover and snow melt/run-off, monitoring water level in reservoirs, environment monitoring, etc. The data has been extensively used for flood mapping and identifying flood-risk zones and for forecasting drought conditions. Satellite remote sensing is now used for identifying potential fish zones helping the fishermen in the coastal areas to increase the catch. Twenty two states have established remote sensing applications centres, which are carrying out several application projects of relevance to their regions, besides participating in national level projects. The Department of Space is helping state remote sensing centres through review of progress , conducting regional workshops, providing funds on case- by- case basis and providing research and development support. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite The launch of the first operational Indian Remote Sensing satellite, IRS-1A on March 17, 1988, on board a Soviet Vostok rocket, ushered in a new era in the countrys resources survey and management system. The second satellite in the series, IRS-1B, identical to IRS-1A, was launched on August 29, 1991. IRS-1A and IRS-1B have become the mainstay of the National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) for effectively managing the countrys natural resources. IRS-P2, launched by Indias PSLV on October 15,1994 has joined IRS-1A and IRS-1B in enhancing the remote sensing services. IRS-1C has also been successfully launched on December 28, 1995 on board a Molniya rocket of Russia. Satellite images have been used to study the earthquake in Maharashtra during September 1993, Satellite data shows three major lineaments intersecting just south of the Latur-Killari village and this trijunction of lineaments appear to coincide with the epicentre of the earthquake. Based on the nature and extent of damage to various structures as observed in the field and the information provided by the District Collectors, the isoseismal intensity contours have been drawn. Application of IRS Satellites In Agriculture What do the Satellite people know about agriculture? Officials in Agriculture Departments used to ask. Recently the Karnataka State Remote Sensing Technology Utilisation Centre (KSRSTUC) has given a befitting reply. It has wrapped up a satellite data-based study of Kolar Districts Gudibanda Taluka and prepared an action plan to turn the rocky, rain-starved and drought-prone environs into an agricultural oasis. It is a tiny example of the unique Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) which has been launched in 157 districts of our country. Now farmers of India have growing interest in harvesting the miracles of the IRS series of Remote Sensing Satellites. IMSD aims at generating locale-specific prescriptions for development at micro-level using integrated analysis of the thematic maps generated using data from IRS Satellite, meteorological data and socio-economic information. Several States like Karnataka have set up their own Remote Sensing Application Centres. Efforts are being made to introduce courses on remote sensing in school and university curricula. INSAT Revolutionises Telecommunication And Media Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) besides revolutionising the telecommunication and TV broadcast scenario in our country, has improved the weather forecasting and is providing advance warning on disasters. About 150 telecommunication terminals are today operating under the INSAT network providing more than 4,000 two-way telephone channels along about 170 routes. Telegraphy services have been provided in the north-eastern region covering most of the inaccessible rural areas. The National Informatics Centre has set up over 600 micro-terminals. Many business houses now use the INSAT system for their corporate communication. The two indigenously built multipurpose satellites, INSAT-2A launched in July 1992 and INSAT-2B launched in July 1993, as well as, INSAT-1D, the last of the INSAT-1 series of satellites launched in 1990, continue to perform well in orbit providing vital services for telecommunications, television broadcasting, meteorology, disaster warning and distress detection. The successful launch of INSAT 2C on December 7, 1995 from Kourou, French Guyana and its commissioning in the orbit has added to INSAT series. It will provide mobile satellite services and business communication through newly introduced Ku-band transponders. More powerful C-band transponders for television programme will reach beyond the Indian boundaries. The work on the follow-on satellites in this series 2D and 2E has progressed further and are slated for launch in 1996-97 and 1997-98 respectively. These satellites will have additional spectral channel and improved coverage for meteorological payload. INSAT has brought about a rapid expansion of the TV network in our country covering over 65 per cent of the land mass and over 80 per cent of our population. National TV network, regional services and metro channels have already become operational. The INSAT network is extensively being used for educational purposes such as countrywide classrooms conducted by the University Grants Commission for two hours every day primarily meant for the university and college students, educational television programmes broadcast in the local languages for the benefit of the rural population and curriculum-based lectures broadcast by the Indira Gandhi National Open University. It is also used in continuing education for industrial workers, training of bank employees, training of block and village level extension agricultural workers and farmers, etc. INSAT is helping us in improving weather forecasts by providing high resolution radio-metric imageries. More than a hundred unattended meteorological data collection platforms relay weather information through INSAT to a central meteorological data processing centre. INSAT is also providing disaster warning receivers installed along the cyclone-prone east coast of the country. These disaster warning systems have enabled evacuation of thousands of people well in advance of impending cyclones. OTHER SATELLITES Aryabhatta Aryabhatta, the first Indian satellite, was launched on April 19, 1975, by the erstwhile USSR Intercosmos rocket into a near -earth orbit. Bhaskara Bhaskara-III , launched on June 7, 1979 and November 20, 1981, respectively, by the Intercosmos rockets of the erstwhile USSR, were experimental earth observation satellites. APPLE APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment), an experimental communication satellite, was launched on June 19, 1981 by the Ariane launch vehicle of the European Space Agency (ESA). Rohini Series Two Stretched Rohini Series satellites, SROSS C and SROSS-C2, were launched successfully by Indias Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) on its third and fourth developmental missions (ASLV-D3 and ASLV-D4) on May 20, 1992, and May 4, 1994, respectively. Both the satellites carried identical scientific payloads, namely, Retarding Potential Analyser and Gamma Ray Burst experiment. SITE Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), hailed as one of the largest experiments of its kind, was conducted during 1975-76 using USAs Application Technology Satellite (ATS-6). It demonstrated the potential of satellite technology as an effective mass communication media. STEP Satellite Telecommunication Experiment Project (STEP), conducted during 1977-79 using the Franco-German satellite. Symphonie, provided experience in the operation of a geo-stationary satellite system for domestic telecommunication and in designing and building ground infrastructure. LAUNCH VEHICLES SLV Indias capability in the launch vehicle technology was first demonstrated through the successful launch of SLV-3 in July 1980, which placed a 40 kg Rohini satellite into a near-earth orbit. Two more launches of SLV-3 were conducted in May 1981 and April 1983 with the Rohini satellites. ASLV The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was successfully launched twice from Sriharikota Range (SHAR) on May 20, 1992 and May 4, 1994, respectively. These were the third and fourth developmental launches (ASLV-D3 and ASLV-D4). They injected the SROSS-C and SROSS-C2 (Stretched Rohini Satellite Series) satellite, respectively into a near-earth orbit. PSLV D 2- A Total Success The 280 tonne, 44 m tall, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV, is capable of putting 1,000 kg class remote sensing satellite into 900 km polar sun-synchronous orbit. The first developmental flight of PSLV took place on September 20, 1993. Though it could not place the IRS-1E satellite, on board, into the intended polar orbit, the flight proved, in flight, almost all the vehicle systems, including the propulsion systems. The second launch of PSLV-D2 on October 15,1994 was a total success. Cryogenic Project The Government has approved the indigenous Cryogenic Upper State Project during April, 1994 following the renegotiation of the Cryogenic technology contract with Russia. GSLV With the operationalisation of GSLV towards the end of the century, ISRO will achieve self-reliance in launch vehicle technology for launching all its scientific remote sensing and geo-stationary satellites. PSLVD-3 PSLV D-3 will be launched during 1996. After this 3 PSLV continuation flights have been planned at the rate of one flight a year. SPACE PROGRAMME ENTERS WORLD MARKET There has been a significant progress in the commercial exploitation of the space capabilities developed by the country. The Antrix Corporation Ltd. established in September 1992, has shown promising results by securing orders for the study of satellite communication system for INMARSAT, providing training to ARABSAT and Korean engineers and for the supply of space hardware for Brazilian space agency. Space based remote sensing technology has drawn the attention of world market. US company EOSAT Co. has entered into a commercial contact with Antrix Corporation of the Space Department to receive and market data from IRS Satellites. Several other contracts have been bagged for supply of space hardware and services. Cooperative agreements have been signed with the Ukrainian National Space Agency and the Russian Space Agency. A high-level United Nations experts team has selected India for the setting up of a UN Centre for Space Science and Technology Education which will cater to the needs of the region.

Philosophical Basis Of Occupational Therapy

Philosophical Basis Of Occupational Therapy This paper aims to explore the defining of occupational therapy together with its philosophical basis, discussing the relationship between the philosophy of occupational therapy and practice, including the role of the College of Occupational Therapists (COT) and the Health Professions Council (HPC). This paper is going to be structured in essay form, beginning with a discussion of definitions of occupational therapy and the development of occupational therapy as a profession. Also discussed will be the roles of the COT and HPC with regards to occupational therapy training and practice. The HPC is the regulating body of occupational therapists, as well as fourteen other health professions such as speech and language therapists, biomedical scientists and practitioner psychologists. The HPCs primary function is to protect the public by dictating standards which the health professions must meet in both their training and practice (HPC, 2010a). The COT (also referred to as the British Ass ociation of Occupational Therapists or BAOT) is the professional body for occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants in the United Kingdom (COT, 2010b). It is important to define occupational therapy and have a broad knowledge about the profession as there has been a lot of role blurring and ambiguity with other health professions such as physiotherapists (De Wit et al 2006) particularly since occupational therapy gained interest in the area of psychosocial rehabilitation in the late 1980s/early 1990s (Sà ¶derback, 2009). This role blurring means occupational therapy as a profession is in danger of being seen as surplus to health authority requirements. With the current economic climate in a state of uncertainty it has been reported that the Government plans to cut funding to the National Health Service by  £20bn (Borland, 2010). If frontline staff are being cut, allied health professionals who cannot justify and defend their profession are at risk of being seen as expendable. Alternatively, role blurring can also mean occupational therapists are at risk of being utilised as more than one profession, for example a social worker (H olosko Taylor, 2006). The COT website clearly states the need for its members acting as ambassadors of the profession (COT, 2010b) implying the need for justification of occupational therapy is widely felt. This role blurring and ambiguity could be seen as both a cause and effect of the profession lacking a single, clear definition from which all bodies can explain occupational therapy. A single definition that encompassed all merits of the profession could give a clear justification of what therapists do and could be used to support their practice. However, there are many different definitions and newly qualified occupational therapists find it hard to explain to carers what their profession involves (Williams Richards, 2010). The COT itself changes the definition it releases over the years. The current BAOT definition encompasses the ideas of health and wellbeing obtained through occupation (COT, 2010a). This COT definition has no mention of occupations being meaningful or purposeful which is a core concept in occupational therapy. The idea of giving people meaningless tasks is outdated in modern theories so this definition has limitations. The COT (2009a) released a much broader def inition which encompasses a lot more of the theory of occupational therapy and more of the basis in which it is rooted. However, the terms used in this definition are very specific to occupational therapy and if someone outside of the profession were to read it, many of the terms would read as jargon, rendering the definition incomprehensible. On a positive note, this definition does mention fulfilling a persons potential and their quality of life which is an idea central to the philosophy of occupational therapy which many other definitions omit. The Committee of Occupational Therapy for the European Committees (1990) definition talks predominantly of preventing disability and promoting independent function. Even though this definition is fairly broad and encompassing, these two terms rule out a certain number of clients that an occupational therapist could work with. This definition implies that only people whose disability can be prevented and people with the potential to functio n independently would be assisted by occupational therapy. However this is not the case, occupational therapy has been applied to many areas of severe disabilities such as advanced HIV infection (Parutti et al, 2007). Other definitions incorporate ideas of competency and satisfaction (Knecht-Sabres, 2010) analyzing qualities of activities (Larson Von Eye, 2010) and everyday activities and subjective and objective aspects of performance (AOTA, 2002). So with so many differing ideas about what should be in a definition of occupational therapy, what important points should a good definition cover? Reed Sanderson (1999) outlined the criteria a definition should meet in modern occupational therapy. These included the unique feature of occupational therapy, major goals, outcomes, the population served, a summary of the service programmes and the process in which the service is delivered (Reed Sanderson, 1999, pp. 6). One reason occupational therapy may be difficult to define as a profession worldwide is due to the cultural differences. Occupational therapy is important in certain life aspects to a particular population and this may not be generalisable. For example, in Belgium the Fà ©dà ©ration Nationale Belge des Ergothà ©rapeutes (FNBE) has a definition which focuses in part on professional occupation, as well as activities of daily living and leisure (FNBE 2010). The Bangladesh Occupational Therapy Association (BOTA) incorporates the ideas of therapeutic exercise, special equipment and special skills training into its definition (BOTA, 2010). The Occupational Therapy Africa Regional Group (OTARG) is largely focused on the rehabilitation of disabled people in Africa (OTARG, 2010) but has recognised the need to apply culturally correct interventions to their clients dependent on what that specific region requires as many of the countries that are part of OTARG are poverty-stricken and there is a significant lack of resources available (Crouch, 2010). These cultural differences are indicative of the breadth to which occupational therapy can be used yet how it can make finding a single definition for the profession practically impossible to pin down. Finding a definition that utilises all of the concepts inherent in occupational therapy is also difficult due to the fact that the profession is ever changing and evolving. George Barton encapsulated one of the earliest definitions of occupational therapy in its history: OT is the science of instructing and encouraging the sick in such labours as will involve those energies and activities producing a beneficial therapeutic effect. (Barton, 1919, pp.62) Although this definition was over eighty years ago, much of what was in this definition is still applicable to occupational therapy today, however the profession has been through some major transitions since. The foundations were grounded in a number of historical influences such as the arts and crafts movement, the influence of the Quakers and the mental hygiene movement, amongst others (Reed Sanderson, 1999). One of the most influential however was the moral treatment movement, borne out of the humanistic frame of reference which introduced the concept of work having a positive effect on health (Sà ¶derback, 2009). The first paradigm of occupational therapy reapplied the moral treatment ideals in caring for ill and disabled people. The core beliefs of this paradigm focused on the occupational nature of human beings and the interrelationships between the body, mind and environment (Kielhofner, 2009). Some of the core skills and processes of occupational therapy that are used today could have been inherent in the profession since the very first paradigm such as using activities as therapeutic interventions and assessments of the occupational performance of clients (COT, 2009b). In the late 1940s occupational therapy was swept into reductionist ideals and a need for a theoretical rationale. This new paradigm is referred to as the mechanistic paradigm and using the biomedical frame of reference focused largely on what could be measured quantitatively and scientifically, particularly with; the systems in the body, the neuromotor control and muscuoskeletal performance (Kielhofner, 2009). Some core skills of occupational therapy are rooted in the main ideas of the mechanistic paradigm such as enablement and environmental adaptations (COT, 2009b). Certain stages of the process of occupational therapy could have been developed through the beliefs of the mechanistic paradigm too, in particular the assessment stage which involves assessing clients strengths, weaknes ses, environments and support systems. Another stage which could be linked to the mechanistic paradigm is the intervention stage. This involves engaging in activities that have been analysed, graded and sequenced (Larson Von Eye, 2010) which is also a quantitative and reductionist ideal. The scientific aspect of the paradigm did better establish the profession with the World Federation of Occupational Therapists being inaugurated in Stockholm in 1952 (Sà ¶derback, 2009). The mechanistic paradigm, however, lost sight of the origins of occupational therapy; that occupation was central to the profession and that engagement in occupation can be beneficial to health and wellbeing. Mary Reilly, a fundamental figure in the profession in 1962 gave a seminal lecture and definition that was to change the outlook of the profession once again: Man, through the use of his hands, as they are energised by his mind and will, can influence the state of his own health. (Reilly, 1962, pp. 2) This direct quote encapsulates the change that ended the mechanistic paradigm of occupational therapy and recognised the need to return occupation to the centre of occupational therapy (Molineux, 2004). Following the mechanistic paradigm, a new paradigm emerged which Kielhofner (2009) coined the contemporary paradigm. This paradigm is that in which occupational therapy is practiced today. This focuses on the belief that occupation is central to health and wellbeing and the profession should focus on occupational needs and how neuromotor and musculoskeletal limitations affect a clients occupational performance, as opposed to what the limitations are. This paradigm focuses on the interrelationships between a person, their environment and their occupation (Kielhofner, 2009). There are, however, some new ideas that were not inherent in the original paradigm such as the client-centred frame of reference and the use of client-centred practice. In 1919, Barton wrote that the patient cannot be trusted to select his own occupation (Barton, 1919, pp. 20). In the contemporary paradigm, client-centred practice defines the client as having more of a choice and more power in the client-therapist relationship (Sumsion, 2006) and Bartons ideas would not be acceptable. There are three main roles that have been identified as important for occupational therapists; the therapeutic role, the consulting role and the team member role (Sà ¶derback, 2009). These roles are fairly modern ideas that are borne out of the beliefs of the latest paradigm. The COT became a member of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists in 1952 (WFOT, 2010) when it was first set up during the mechanistic paradigm. The role of the COT is to set professional guidelines which occupational therapists and students must adhere to in practice, with regards to service user welfare, provision of the service, personal and professional integrity, competence, continual professional development and developing the evidence base of the profession (COT, 2010a). The HPC state they protect the public by having professional standards and guidelines that must be met by the professions that they govern (HPC, 2010a). They have a register of all of their health professionals which members of the public can check to make sure any professional working with them is registered, qualified and competent (HPC, 2010b). The HPC also deals with all disciplinary matters and has three different committees for dealing with fitness to practise hearings with registered profession als; the conduct and competence committee, the health committee and the investigating committee (HPC 2010c). As well as protecting the public against incompetent practitioners, the guidelines put in place could also be to protect the profession against scrutiny or disrepute. The COT and HPC are an integral part of practising as an occupational therapist and students are provided with their own copy of the COT Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct to read and digest. However, a big problem of the students of occupational therapy and other professions once qualified is the theory/practice divide; a student can have all the theoretical knowledge needed but lack the ability to effectively apply that knowledge to practice. Core areas in occupational therapy that are limited due to a lack of practice experience include client-centred care, enhanced clinical reasoning skills, the development and use of a therapeutic relationship and a deep appreciation of the person, environment and occu pation impact (Knecht-Sabres, 2010). It may be said that this lack of practical experience is due to the strict guidelines of education in the COT. A large body of knowledge has to be understood in order to qualify and register as an occupational therapist. However the COT also have guidelines about how much clinical experience a student needs before they can qualify so they do recognise the need for practice-based learning and incorporate it as much as possible. Once qualified, the COT and HPC guidelines on continual professional development state that a registrant must continue learning and be up to date with policy, guidelines and research. This aims to ensure that practices do not become outdated which would widen the divide between core theory and practice. The Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (COT, 2010a) being handed out to all students and professionals is a good basis for students to start from before their practice placements, yet it may be hard to practically apply what is in the Code until it is ingrained in ones knowledge of how to apply it in practice. One way suggested in which to bridge the theory and practice divide whilst learning in an institution with limited clinical experience is a good use of reflective practice. Reflecting in action during an intervention as well as reflecting on action (Schà ¶n, 1983) can enhance advanced clinical reasoning skills which would help bridge the divide (Knecht-Sabres, 2010). In conclusion, occupational therapy is a valid and important practice when used in accordance of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct and the HPC guidelines. These guidelines are in place to safeguard clients and also the therapists themselves against practicing at an incompetent standard. These guidelines make it possible to further, justify and develop the profession and provide a definition or definitions in which to explain occupational therapy. There are, however, a large amount of standards to consider which one can read but will not become ingrained unless returned to repeatedly or learned and used in context. The true benefit of occupational therapy can get lost amongst the standards and guidelines as they can lead to a lack of clinical experience, a lack of reflecting in-action and perhaps issues of client-centred practice. One example is: if a client wants to work on their planned interventions late but it would interrupt with record-keeping due to time restrictions a therapist would have to refuse as record-keeping is an important part of COT guidelines, but this would not be strictly client-centred practice. Also a clients idea of a good quality of life may be different to that of the COT and HPC and it is the responsibility of the therapist to set out guidelines of what is acceptable, regardless of client choice. The profession, as shown in this paper is also ever-evolving and developing. It could be difficult to abide by the standards if the standards themselves are ever-changing. This is where continual professional development is a beneficial practice in overcoming this issue. The COT also sends out free copies of the British Journal of Occupational Therapy and the OT News, enabling all members to keep up to date with modern ideas and research.

Bembos Discourse on Love :: Italian Renaissance History Europe Essays

Bembo's Discourse on Love The idea of the Renaissance Gentleman. Just as it is false to see the Renaissance as a simple and sharp contrast with the Middle Ages, as did Michelet and Burckhardt, neither should it be seen as all of one piece. After the age of civic humanism came the dominance of the Medici in Florence, and in those contacts made with eastern scholars when the Council of Florence was attempting the reconciliation of the Eastern and Western Churches (a last effort to stave off the menace of the Turk) Cosimo de'Medici had been attracted to the figure of Plato. So there came his patronage of Marsilio Ficino and the birth of the Platonic Academy. Ficino became the disciple of Plato, and an advocate of neo-Platonism. Perhaps coincidentally, but as befits a court, the contemplative ideal began once more to gain over the active one. It was transmitted potently to Europe by a book that mirrored one of the noblest of Italian courts, that of Urbino. This was Baldassar Castiglione's Il cortegiano/The Book o f the Courtier). Published in 1528 (that is, after the Sack of Rome, 1527) it has a nostalgic vision of the civilisation nurtured in Urbino from the time of Federigo da Montefeltro, in one of the most beautiful of princely palaces. Apart from offering in its close the neoplatonic idea to Europe, it recommended not so much the status of the courtier, as the ideal of the gentleman. There is no other comparable book that encapsulated the ideals of the Italian Renaissance, and its European success ensured the diffusion of the message. (Penguin Hutchinson Reference Library Copyright (c) 1996 Helicon Publishing and Penguin Books Ltd) Renaissance Humanism became increasingly concerned with the self and the fashioning of the self. In Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), published in 1528, Conte Baldassare Castiglione's ideal courtier is an exponent of the latter. The education or the self-fashioning of the courtier involves almost everything under the sun. Therefore, as the courtier must learn the proper skills of war, he must also learn how to love. Love, the deportment of the courtier towards court-ladies, keeps recurring in the conversation in the court at Urbino during the discourses of all four nights and the many controversies generated by Gaspar Pallavicino, Lord Julian, and Bernard Bibiena all involve love and culminate ultimately in Pietro Bembo's inspired Platonic exposition. Here, however, are a few problems.

Hamlets Emotions, Actions, and Importance in the Nunnery Scene Essay

Hamlet's Emotions, Actions, and Importance in the Nunnery Scene "Like sweet bells jangled, out of time and harsh" Hamlet's trust is betrayed by the people who are dearest to his heart (III.i.87). The theme of betrayal takes root before the Shakespeare's tragedy begins, when Hamlet's uncle murders his father and marries his mother. These enormous betrayals, along with other pointed deceptions, justify many of Hamlet's words and actions. A striking example of the deceit Hamlet endures can be seen in act three, scene one of Hamlet: the nunnery scene. When Hamlet steps through the entryway he walks into a web of secrets, deception, and dishonesty. Determined to discover the nature of Hamlet's madness, the king and Polonius have summoned Hamlet to a place where they know he will "run into" Ophelia under their observation; the scene is a set-up. Hamlet is spied on by his stepfather and lied to by his love in this moment of cruel deceit. In Olivier's 1948 film version of Shakespeare's Hamlet, the nunnery scene allows Hamlet to articulate his frustration without confronting his enemies. Hamlet enters the scene fully aware of its contrived nature, like an actor taking his place on the stage. The ensuing performance is that of a narcissistic child wining just to hear the sound of his own voice; Olivier's Hamlet has no real interaction with any of the other characters in the scene. Olivier's choice to focus on Hamlet and his feelings, rather than the action going on around him, is highlighted in the nunnery scene and evident in the entire play Branagh, on the other hand sees Hamlet as a exciting tale of courtly intrigue and deception. Branagh' s Hamlet's truly affected by the action unfolding Olivier's open and abstract nunnery... ...with the deceit of those around him. Branagh's attempt to widen the scope of his Hamlet, beyond Olivier's interpretation of the play as a look into the main character's mind, allows him to generate a Nunnery scene far more engaging than Olivier's. Though it offers interesting insight into Hamlet's mind, Olivier's Nunnery Scene offers the audience no plot advancement and little action. By sharp contrast, Branagh's rendering unfolds to reveal exciting twists in the story and riveting conflict among the characters as they actively betray Hamlet's trust. Works Cited Carr, Jay. "Full-length Å’Hamlet' still swift." The Boston Globe January 1997: C5 Hamlet. Videocassette. Dir. Laurence Olivier.1948. Hamlet. Videocassette. Dir. Kenneth Branagh. 1996. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. Norton Critical Series. 2nd Edition. New York: Norton, 1992.

ABO Blood Test to Determine Paternity Essay

The ABO blood test was used in this lab to test which of the three fathers is the blood father of Andrea. The blood test that is closely related to the blood type of Andrea is the respective blood father. Each blood sample was mixed with synthetic anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh to test for clotting or not. Father #3 and Andrea were the only subjects tested with Rh positive with all other subjects Rh negative, resulting in Father #3 as the blood father. Introduction Table 1: Possible Child Blood Types Table 1: Possible Child Blood Types The purpose of this lab is to determine which father is the blood father of the child. The mother, Andrea, and three other fathers were tested by their blood type and Rh factor to determine the blood father. The ABO blood test determines the blood type of subjects by the alleles IA, IB, and i. The blood alleles IA and IB are codominant over i, meaning both of the alleles are dominant over the recessive i. The antigen with the Rh factor is determined by D as dominant or d as recessive, with the Rh positive factor as dominant and the Rh negative factor as recessive. In the ABO blood test, synthetic blood samples and synthetic serum of Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-Rh are mixed respectively into a blood typing slide. If agglutination occurs as the samples are mixed, then the subject’s blood type is the respective A, B, or Rh factor. The father with the most closely related alleles with Andrea is the blood father by testing June, the mother, Andrea, and all the fathers. Methods The container vials with synthetic blood samples each are respectively the mother, the child, Father #1, Father #2, and Father #3. Each of the respective blood samples are used once ever round in the experiment. One of the blood samples is dropped into the blood typing slide under three labels; A, B, and Rh. After applying the blood sample, a drop of synthetic serum blue (anti-A) is dropped into well A. Synthetic serum yellow (anti-B) is dropped into well B. Synthetic serum clear (anti-Rh) is dropped into well Rh. Using the respective colored toothpicks, each well is stirred and checked for agglutination (clotting). The blood typing slide is washed and re-used for the next blood sample. Results Table 2: ABO Test results In Table 2, only Andrea and Father #3 showed agglutination when anti-Rh was mixed with their blood sample. The June and Andrea both showed clotting with anti-B serum. The child showed agglutination in all of the following serums. Table 3: Blood Group Determination Table Table 3 resulted with Andrea’s blood type assumed as AB negative. Father #3 was the only one with a positive blood type. The Child has a Rh group of Dd containing the recessive allele d due to her mother’s Rh group being homozygous recessive dd. Father #3 had a Rh group of D_ followed with an uknown allele because no known factor can support an exact second allele. Discussion Father #3 is the blood father of Andrea because in accordance to the lab results. Andrea was tested to have a blood type of AB positive and the mother as B negative. The only possible blood types of a blood father from the results are blood types AB positive or A positive. Only father #3 showed a matching blood type to the following possible blood types. The lab results supported the fact that father #3’s blood type was most closely related to Andrea’s blood type. References Q, R. (2010, January 5). Paternity testing using ABO blood types is impossible. Retrieved 2010, from Boston Paternity; The DNA Solution Blog: http://www.bostonpaternity.com/blog/paternity-testing-using-abo-blood-types-is-impossible/ Biology 240 Lab Handout, Lab 4: Multiple alleles and the ABO blood type

Employee Survey Analysis (ESA) Scripts

Employee Survey Analysis ( ESA ) Scripts Yet Another Natural Language Processing Application Abstraction— With this paper of our, we have peculiarly worked on one of the application of Data Analysis. We have proposed a fresh method for happening out valuable information out of the clump of natural informations utilizing Python and NLTK libraries. We have processed the Remarks of the assorted Employees of a Company in the signifier of Raw Data. Each Remark follows different stairss such as Cleansing which removes all the errors in the remarks made by the user, Taging which tags word harmonizing to the different types of verbs or adjectives used in the remarks, Lumping which includes choosing a perticualr phrase out of the cleansed remark by usage of a appropriate grammar regulation, Category Generation which includes different types of class generated for the words which can be used for bring forthing different classs user remarks. This includes the usage of Python as a tool where NLTk is added as a Natural Language Processor which is used for different sorts of lingui stic communications. You may happen the elaborate account about our methodological analysiss in the ulterior parts of this paper. Keywords— Python, NLTK, Tokenizer [ 8 ] , Lemmatizer [ 9 ] , Stemmer [ 9 ] , Chunker, Tagger.I. IntroductionWith the growing of IT sector over the past few old ages, informations handling and its analysis had become really hard. Many companies trades with a big sum of informations and they have purchased different tools from different companies like IBM, Microsoft, etc for informations storage and its analysis. Data Analysis fundamentally provides us the method to pull out some valuable information out of some natural facts. It contains several Fieldss which are required to be undertaken such as taking all the errors, change overing it into that signifier which our tool can understand, saying regulations for it usage, happening the results and take supportive actions on the footing of these results. The field of Data Analytics is pity huge and have many attacks related to informations extraction and mold and in this paper we will be discoursing on the one of the of import appl ication of Data Analytics. Let us better understand what Data Analysis is with illustration of a individual named Lee who had a wont of composing dairy. He started observing each and every incident of his life get downing from his birth boulder clay now. With the class of clip, he have written a batch of information about himself which reflects different phases of his life. Suppose if another individual goes through each and every incident of Lee ‘s life and analysis what he used to wish when he was below 10 old ages of age or which portion of his life was unforgettable. This analysis of the natural information and happen out the valuable information out of it is categorized with the term Data Analytics. I think now we are in a place to understand the relevant nomenclatures used in this paper. So I would wish to depict the existent methodological analysis of our research paper.II. A Brief METHODOLOGYThis paper demonstrates a novel method which help user to pull out utile information from the clump of a n atural information. It includes a method/ codes which include the usage of set of categories and maps which help in pull outing a utile information out of input informations. There are many utile maps which help in pull outing information that are included here. Some of them may be named as, Tokenizer, Taggers, Chunkers, Stemmers, Transformation of Chunkers and Taggers and many more. These methods or categories work on the tool Named as Python 2.7.6 which is required to be downloaded and good configured in the system. Every Code that is executed required to be imported through assorted bundles present in the library. In this undertaking, we have processed the informations and produced the different classs out of it and through that we have extracted what user really meant to state in his/her remarks. You may happen the elaborate account as what this paper is all approximately in ulterior portion.A.PythonPython [ 1 ] is considered as a high degree linguistic communication, a degree i n front of C and C++ . It is fundamentally developed for developing applications or books for transforming different signifiers of linguistic communications like English, French, German and many more. Python have a alone characteristic which differentiate it from other linguistic communications like C, C++ or Java is that it uses white infinite indenture instead than curly brackets. Presently, the latest version of python in the market is Python 3.4.1 was released on May 18th, 2014. But we have used Python 2.7.6.B.NLTKNLTK [ 3 ] is described as Natural Language Tool Kit. It comprises of library files in different linguistic communications that Python may utilize for informations analysis. One is required to import the NLTK bundle in the Python Shell so that its library files can be used by the coder. NLTK includes several characteristics like graphical presentation of informations. Several books have been published on the alien belongingss and installations of NLTK which clearly exp lains things off to any coder who is either novice with python or NLTK or merely an expert. NLTK finds several applications in research work when it comes to Natural Language Processing. It helps in treating text in several linguistic communications which itself is a large positive for modern research workers.III. IMPLEMENTATION OF EMPLOYEE SURVEY ANALYSIS ( ESA ) SCRIPTSA.What ‘s the Requirement of ESA Scripts.In Today ‘s universe of Globalization and competitions, It is the tendency which is followed by every company to form a Engagement and Exit Survey for its employee within the organisation to happen out the grounds why people wants to fall in or go forth their company. When any individual leaves any company, he/she is required to make full an online study that comprises of assorted Fieldss which might be the grounds for his go forthing the Organization. In that study, the inquiries might be in assorted signifiers like Check Boxes, Scroll List, Text field, etc. It i s pity easy to enter and analysis those inquiries which involve replying through Checkboxes or Scroll List but state of affairs becomes really feverish for the individual who is analysing that informations if the reply is recorded through Text fields or Text Paragraph. When speaking about manually reading, the individual, who is reading that informations, will be required to travel through each and every employees remarks to happen what were the grounds why they have left the occupation. Each company comprises of 1000s of employees and it is really common in industries that people moves from one organisation to another organisation. So, maintaining the path of all those employees by merely manual reading is a tough undertaking. Figure 1– A Screen Shot of Employee Exit Survey [ 1 ] Each company spends a batch of money and resources on their employees on their preparation and growing and hence, wants to happen the grounds why their best employees are go forthing them. Therefore, we are in an pressing demand of something which can assist us happening the grounds why any individual is go forthing his/her organisation. Although, there are several tools in the market by some singular companies like IBM. But the major point is they all are paid and therefore, require a batch of money to invested to buy them. In comparing with these paid tools, these Python Script are unfastened beginning and are free of cost. Any organisation can besides do alterations in the books harmonizing to its demand. Hence, it is supplying us the best ground why to choose for ESA Scripts.B.Functionality of ESA ScriptsESA Scripts performs following actions as specified below: –It corrects all the Spelling Mistakes.It corrects all the Repeated Words.It performs Lemmatization, Stemming an d Tokenization of Data.It performs Antonyms and Synonym Operations on words.It find out what sort of Verb, Noun or Adjective is used by the Employee.It generates Phrases depending upon the type of Grammar Rule one select.Removal of Stop Words.Encoding and Decryption of Special Stop Words.Removal of ASCII Codes.There are many more of import operations which comes under these above specified operations which are discussed subsequently as their functions comes.C.Following Big MeasureFirst of all, Remarks of different employees are taken in a individual Column of a CSV file and read line wise. Each Remark comprises of different paragraph holding different Spelling errors, repeated characters in a word and many more errors which are required to be removed before we can happen out what individual meant in his/her grounds for go forthing his/her occupation. All the files are required to be stored by.py extension and all the of import methods or categories are required to be defined in a individual library file so that when utilizing those maps and classes we can import them in a spell and utilize them to make whatever we like to make. These methods/classes are defined in library file named as CustomClassLibrary.py and this file is required to be executed at the top before utilizing any of the map or category so that these categories work consequently whenever they are called in the chief book. There is yet another of import thing that we are required to take attention of. You must either topographic point all you scripts in the current on the job directory or you must supply the way where you have placed your books. It is extremely required and if we do non supply the way of our books decently so it will be traveling to demo mistakes which will return an mistake that current file do non be in our directory. Figure-2Block Diagram Representing Various Processes to be followed This Purpose has been divided into 3 Classs which are as follows: a. Cleansing. b. Tagging and Chunking [ 12 ] . c. Category Generation. The above described description can be better explained by the figure given below. A.Cleaning: –Cleansing, as its name suggests includes the methods which help in cleaning the information which the user has provided. It includes those methods or maps by which one can tokenize informations, correct the spellings, take all the perennial words like if any user wrote ‘love’ as ‘llooovvvee’ in a really passionate manner. So they are required to be corrected. There are several Abbreviations that people wrote which are required to be changed to their normal word signifier. Then there are several stop words in the sentences which do non lend much to the significance of that sentence are hence required to be removed from that sentence. The process of this is explained as below. First of wholly, we break Paragraph into Sentences and in that process some of the words are changed into ASCII Codes which created job when we further run the procedure on them and are required to be removed through strip_unicode bid. After taking ASCII Codes we tokenize Sentences into words. Now, explicating each class in item below. Figure-3Measure wise Explanation for Above Process These words are processed and all the perennial words like â€Å"looovvee† are changed to â€Å"love† by utilizing repetition replacer map. After that all the short signifiers or the Abbreviations are changed to their full signifiers. All the spelling errors are required to be corrected before continuing farther. This map is imported utilizing import bid and all the methods are required to be defined in our library file named as CustomClassLibrary.py After rectifying all of our spelling errors, we lemmatize our word if they are found to be of Noun, Adjective or Verb. For any other class of words, it traveling to go through the word as it is. After that all the punctuations are removed such as Commas, Exclamation grade, Full Stops, etc. Here, now we are required to code some of the particular words so that they can be used in approaching procedure. We will be coding some of the words and them taking stop words from that list of words. All those word which do non assist in analysing the sentences like can, could, might, etc are removed from the list of words. Once, Stop words removed, we once more decrypt those particular words once more so that they can be processed now. At this measure, we have got the list of words which are traveling to be passed to make Antonym of words which appears after â€Å"not† word. For Example, â€Å"let’s† , â€Å"not† , â€Å"uglify† , â€Å"our† , â€Å"code† is changed to â€Å"let’s† , â€Å"beautify† , â€Å"our† , â€Å"code† . Therefore, we are at that place with our Cleansed Data. A.TAGGING AND Unitization: –Tagging is a procedure of assigning different tickets to the word in conformity with the portion of address tagging. For this, we have used Classifier based POS tagger [ 5 ] [ 10 ] which is rather a good tagger. When calculated, its efficiency comes out to be over 90 % which is rather good. For labeling, we passed the information word wise and happen out to which portion of address class it belongs. Either it is a noun or it is a verb or adjectival like vise. We are making labeling in order to bring forth labeled word from where we can make a grammar regulation so that from them, all the words which comes, forms a meaningful phrase and therefore can be wrote in different file.IV. GRAMMAR RULE [ 11 ] AND UnitizationA.Chunk Rule NP:{ & A ; lt ; RB|DT|NN.*|VB.* & A ; gt ; ? & A ; lt ; VB.* & A ; gt ; ? & A ; lt ; .* & A ; gt ; ? & A ; lt ; JJ.* & A ; gt ; ? & A ; lt ; JJ.*|NN. ? & A ; gt ; + }This Chunk Rule can be described as the phrase formed will get down with optional Adverb or Determiner or any sort of Noun or any sort of Verb followed by any sort of optional Verb followed by optional any word followed by any sort of optional Adjective and stoping with as many figure of any sort of Adjective or any sort of Noun.B.Category Coevals:For Category Generation, we have selected those set of tokenized words which are generated from chunked end product. These words are written individually in different file and we manually create class for that . Like if â€Å"salary† appears in the file so we have created its class as â€Å"salary problem† likewise if â€Å"family† appears in the word so we generated its class as â€Å"Personal Issues† . Once this file is created so we compare each and every word of the file and if we find that word in our distinguishable words file so we are traveling to bring forth that class for that word.Figure-3Distinct Categories defined for Chunked words Once the class is generated, this class is used to bring forth the consequences for the different remarks made by user. It is here shown in the figure below.Figure-4Classs Generated for different Employees remarks V. APPLICATION OF EMPLOYEE SURVEY ANALYSIS ( ESA ) SCRIPTSWe can make sentimental analysis utilizing this application. Sentimental Analysis [ 7 ] – This is a procedure of analysing the sentiments of a individual, be it positive, negative or assorted emotions. We can utilize the same application for other spheres as good like battle of an employee with the organisation.VI. DecisionThis Paper provides a advanced thought which helps in cut downing the human attempts as individual who is analysing the information of assorted employees who had left every bit now, is non required to travel through each and every employee’s remarks. Therefore, by running these books we will be able to bring forth what an employee is speaking about, what are the assorted causes which he found in the company which forced him to vacate. Hence, the value of this merchandise goes up when you think analysing the information of different users of different states following different linguistic communications.VII. 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